Nafta Essay Research Paper IntroductionSummaryIn January 1994 free essay sample

Nafta Essay, Research Paper Introduction Drumhead In January 1994, the United States, Mexico, and Canada implemented the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) . The end of NAFTA is to make better trading conditions through duty decrease, remotion of investing barriers, and betterment of rational belongings protection. NAFTA continues to bit by bit cut down duties on set day of the months and aims to extinguish all duties by the twelvemonth 2004. Before NAFTA was established, puting in Mexico was a hard procedure. Investors needed the Mexican Government # 8217 ; s blessing and were besides required to run into specific investing guidelines. These demands necessitated investors to export a fit degree of goods and services, utilize domestic goods and services, and reassign engineering to rivals. Under NAFTA, investors no longer necessitate authorities blessing to put and are treated as domestic investors. NAFTA has besides increased rational belongings rights and allowed companies to obtain patents in Mexico and Canada. We will write a custom essay sample on Nafta Essay Research Paper IntroductionSummaryIn January 1994 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the past, companies were hesitating to export research and development intensive goods ; with increased rational belongings protection, nevertheless, exports of these goods has shown a definite addition. As a consequence of better trading conditions, exports and imports of most other goods have increased along with the research and development intensive goods. In Mexico, the riddance of investing barriers has allowed investing to spread out. Increased trading and investing has so created many occupations, raised the Gross Domestic Product, and lowered consumer monetary values. The macroeconomic rules defined in Economics 103 relate to NAFTA # 8217 ; s impact on aggregative supply and demand, employment, investing, and their effects on national income. The free trade established by MERCOSUR besides involves states within South America. MERCOSUR, the Southern Common Market ( Mercado Common del Sur ) was established in 1991 after a series of other free trade pacts failed to run into the criterions of the states involved. It is set up on the footing of free trade zones and finally to take to a common market. Before MERCOSUR there was ALALC, the Latin American Free Trade Association. It was formed in 1960 and set up free trade zones through the periodic dialogues between the members of the association. ALALC ended in the 1970 # 8217 ; s due to these dialogues because they were left to the discretion of the states involved and unjust patterns started to happen. After ALAC, came ALADI, the Latin American Integration Association. Founded in 1980, it established economic penchant zones alternatively of free trade. This bucked up economic growing and increased actions and understandings between states that antecedently had no connexions. I n 1986 Argentina and Brazil signed a Treaty for Integration, Cooperation, and Development which was originally set up to take duty barriers and bind together the macroeconomic policies of the two states. This Treaty is what led to MERCOSUR. MERCOSUR is a procedure of integrating to organize a common market on the foundations of unfastened regionalism. In March of 1991 Paraguay and Uruguay joined MERCOSUR and most late Chile became a portion of the market in 1996. The ends set by the understanding are to make free theodolite of production goods and lifting of non-tariff limitations on theodolite goods. It was set up to follow a common trade policy with states that are non a portion of the market and to put up a fixed common external duty for all to follow. There are rather a few other ends that was set by MERCOSUR including a clause that states that the states involved will be able to set their Torahs for the intent of beef uping the understanding. The chief point of MERCOSUR is to p ut up free trade among South American states and to promote new states to fall in ( americasnet.com ) . Another related trade understanding conveying the benefits of international trade is the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs ( GATT ) . A trade understanding that conveys the positive results of international trade is the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs ( GATT ) . It was created in 1947 and like NAFTA promotes international trade through the decrease of duties. Today, GATT encompasses over one 100 states and 90 % of the universe # 8217 ; s trade goods ( Sabir 1 ) . There have been eight different versions of GATT, each ensuing in a new trade understanding. The most recent is referred to as the Uruguay Round and is one of the largest and most comprehensive trade treaties in history ( Deng 1 ) . The Uruguay Round Agreement cuts duties by one-third, increases coverage for fabrics, vesture and agribusiness and creates a new World Trade Organization ( Congressional Digest 258 ) . The WTO settles difference colonies, regulates the policies agreed upon and reexamine states # 821 7 ; trade patterns and policies. In add-on, the Uruguay unit of ammunition proposes decreases in nontariff protective barriers to merchandise ( Gottheil 350 ) . The Uruguay Round and WTO make up an of import portion of GATT. GATT as a whole is based on rules that guarantee all take parting states receive benefits. These rules include nondiscrimination, protection of domestic industries and proviso of stable footing for trade ( Congressional Digest 258 ) . With such a solid foundation, the policies of GATT have taken force. Much like NAFTA, GATT proposes to increase trade through the decrease of duties. However, GATT is more inclusive of the international economic system. As NAFTA, MERCOSUR, and GATT set up free trade throughout the Americas and other parts of the universe, the European Free Trade Agreement ( EFTA ) represents states throughout Western Europe. It was ab initio formed in 1960 by Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK. The overall aim of the EFTA and of these establishing provinces was to take trade barriers throughout Western Europe, such as import duties and quotas, and to continue unfastened patterns in universe trade ( EFTA Page ) . The model of the EFTA has changed significantly since its initial initiation as many member provinces have come and gone along the manner. In 1972, the bing EFTA states signed free trade understandings with the European Union, therefore extinguishing import duties on industrial merchandises. Since so the EFTA has worked to beef up its relationship with the European Community. The current components of the of all time altering EFTA include Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and S witzerland ( EFTA Page ) . The free trade understandings established by the EFTA screen intra-EFTA trade, trade with the European Union, and free trade outside of the EFTA or EU. The EFTA is presently in the thick of securing free trade understandings with states in Central and Eastern Europe and even with other states around the universe ( EFTA Page ) . These free trade understandings serve to advance incorporate motion within the EFTA # 8217 ; s economic relationships and to beef up Europe # 8217 ; s international trade confederations. Harmonizing to EFTA web page, free trade established by the EFTA is an, # 8220 ; indispensable procedure in the uninterrupted edifice of economic, societal, and political ties between the states of Europe and therefore heightening our common aim of closer European integrating # 8221 ; ( EFTA Page ) . Agreements with the EFTA cut down duties between states, enhance and let for more stable foreign investing, and back up the remotion of trade barriers. In set uping all of the se rights, the EFTA hopes to make an environment that is supportive of entrepreneurship, competition, and economic activity within its assorted market constructions ( EFTA Page ) . Analysis Free Trade understandings are prevailing throughout the universe, each stand foring trade within a peculiar part. The success of free trade is alone to each single trade organisation. NAFTA, MERCOSUR, GATT, and the EFTA, overall, have created founded many positive facets in international trade. The free trade that NAFTA has established among the United States, Mexico, and Canada has greatly benefited the U.S. economic system. During the old ages from 1994 to 1997, U.S. trade with Mexico and Canada rose 44 per centum. This extended growing is accredited chiefly to the decrease of duties. As duties were lowered, U.S. goods became cheaper and more competitory in Mexican and Canadian markets, and at this lower monetary value degree the measure demanded of U.S. goods increased. On the affiliated graph, as the monetary value degree beads from A to B, the measure demanded additions from C to D ; it becomes less expensive for U.S. houses to provide goods to Canada and Mexico as the supply cu rve displacements from Equally to AS # 8217 ; . In order to run into the new demand, the houses must engage new workers and increase investing. Between 1994 and 1997, 90 to 160 1000 occupations were created in the U.S. due to the addition of trade with Mexico, and 2.4 million occupations were dependent upon trade with Mexico and Canada. The addition in employment and investing so leads to increased national income. The work of NAFTA has besides served to profit Mexico # 8217 ; s economic system ; in conformity with the United States # 8217 ; economic system, Mexico # 8217 ; s exports have increased, more than duplicating since 1993. The riddance of investing barriers has caused a dramatic rise in foreign investing from four billion in 1993 to ten billion dollars in 1998. NAFTA has enabled Volkswagen, IBM, and the fabric industry to seek labour and stuffs in Mexico. In 1994, a Canada-based enterpriser invested four million dollars in a metal-stamping works. The works is now a major stuff suppler for Volkswagen although it was originally intended to use merely 130 people. The works presently employs 1,300 workers and generates 57 million dollars in gross revenues each twelvemonth. NAFTA has besides allowed IBM to make workss in Guadalajara that would otherwise hold been built in Asia. As a consequence, the exports of IBM de Mexico have increased from 350 million to 2 billion dollars in five ol d ages and the increased exports have created over 270 occupations. Mexico # 8217 ; s fabric industry, excessively, has grown as a consequence of NAFTA, in 1996 catching China to go the largest provider of fabrics to the United States. U.S. mills invest 100s of 1000000s of dollars to construct workss in Mexico as an consequence of the decreased duties and transportation clip. It takes merely 18 hours to transport goods to the Mexican boundary line, while it takes 21 hours to China. Increased investing and exports have created occupations and increased GDP. In 1998, Mexico # 8217 ; s economic system grew 4.5 per centum and economic experts predict that it will turn an extra 2.5 per centum in # 8216 ; 99. Free trade under NAFTA has besides encouraged international specialisation, the production of merely the goods that a peculiar economic system can bring forth most expeditiously. If the U.S. for illustration, is expeditiously fabricating autos and Mexico, bring forthing maize, so the U.S. should bring forth lone autos and Mexico, merely maize. They are more efficient if they each produce at their highest end product, and trade for other goods. International specialisation additions efficiency, take downing consumer monetary values ; consumers no longer hold to pay for inefficiently produced goods. The benefits of NAFTA are hence, increased employment, raised national income, and lower consumer monetary values. MERCOSUR, once more like NAFTA, has had an overall positive influence on free trade throughout the Americas. The economic end of MERCOSUR is to be able to organize the macroeconomic and sectional policies of the states involved in relation to foreign trade and several other common markets. It besides ensures free trade competition among the states with in the understanding. It was formed to better the economic systems by doing them more competitory and efficient ( Embassy of Uruguay ) . The clip line end of MERCOSUR was to get down with Argentina and Brazil in 1995 to cut down duties some and in 1996 to cut down duties by 25 per centum and increase each twelvemonth by another 25 per centum until in 1999 duties were 100 per centum gone. Because Paraguay and Uruguay joined the Treaty subsequently the day of the months for T he riddance of their duties are pushed back a whole twelvemonth so that by the twelvemonth 2000 they will hold 100 per centum eliminated duties. The ruin of this riddance of duties is that some concerns will hold to cut back and restructure so some people will free their occupations, but in the long run the economic system will turn stronger from it. However, the societal security system for the states will be transformed such that a worker can work in any of the member states and accumulate old ages until retirement and still have a pension ( americasnet.com ) . Each of the states is utilizing MERCOSUR in a different manner to increase their productiveness. In Brazil through denationalization they use MERCOSUR to pull outside investors for industries and services to better roads and railroads and other big industries like power. Argentina is besides utilizing denationalization to increase chances with their airdromes. Paraguay and Uruguay are taking more advantage of the integrating procedure. In Paraguay they are utilizing it to increase and better waterways and in Uruguay the are utilizing it to construct a span and distribute gas and electricity ( americasnet.com ) . All of the states have increased their GDP since the initiation of MERCOSUR and have become more economically independent. Argentina has gone from a recession in 1988 through an unbelievable recovery through to 1996. They have increased their exports by 13,000 signifier 1993 to 1997 and exports have increased by 15,000 in the same period of clip ( Argentina Brief ) . Other MERCOSUR states have experienced the same consequences and are continually turning. The one exclusion to the benefits of MERCSUR would be the economic system of Paraguay. Before they joined the market, they were the best performing state in the part, but now they have fallen behind all the other members in MERCOSUR as a consequence of the political instability and little domestic market ( Sabkar, Maysoon ) . The effectivity of GATT is that it applies to a bulk of the economic system. In the market of major industrial goods, duties have been eliminated and reduced in the developing markets of: building equipment, agricultural equipment, medical equipment, steel, beer, distilled liquors, pharmaceuticals, paper, playthings and furniture ( Congressional Digest ) . These are some of the most of import industries in the United States and are some of the most competitory in the universe. As stated by the US study on GATT, a cardinal proviso was that it # 8220 ; significantly lowered entree to markets that represent about 85 % of universe trade in footings of decreased duties on specific points of cardinal involvement to US exporters # 8221 ; . There have been tariff decreases runing from 50 to 100 % on of import electronics package ( US study on GATT 2 ) . The most of import sector to be included is agribusiness. For the first clip, all agricultural duties are bound and reduced. GATT strength ens long term regulations for agricultural trade, reduces agricultural export subsidies and opens new markets. Intellectual belongings such as patents, hallmarks and right of first publications for films, computing machine plans, books and music is besides protected. Many of the industries listed above trade with engineering and are important to mundane life. By advancing the decrease of duties in the sectors of the economic system of import to the United States, industries will be able to spread out and turn. The manner that industries will be able to turn is through the decrease of duties. While barriers to merchandise come in many signifiers, the duty has been used to protect domestic industries from foreign competition. The negative facet of duties is that they cut down the sum of goods produced for export. Graph 1 exhibits the effects of a duty on measure supplied by United States. Let # 8217 ; s say the duty is on imported Gallic vino. At normal equilibrium, measure demanded of vino peers measure supplied at one hundred billion and a monetary value of $ 2. That is the United States would provide 1 billion bottles of vino. However, a duty creates a state of affairs similar to a monetary value ceiling. The duty causes the monetary value to diminish to $ 1 and the measure supplied lessenings to.5 billion while measure demanded additions to 1.5 billion. The consequence of the duty is to diminish the measure supplied by the United States. To manufacturers in the United States that means a lessening in the production of goods and services. The contrary happens when the duty is reduced. Quantity supplied will increase, that is more goods will be produced for trade. This addition in exports has other deductions on the economic system. Since exports will be increasing at a higher rate than imports the net exports will be positive. Aggregate outgo peers disbursement by consumers, investors, authorities and net exports. An addition in the net exports will increase the aggregative outgo switching it to the right. This is seen in graph 2, where the aggregative outgo curve ( AE ) shifts to the right ( AE # 8217 ; ) . As shown by the graph, the degree of national income additions from 250 billion to 300 billion. Therefore, increasing net exports will increase the degree of national income. # 8220 ; By extinguishing import revenue enhancements, universe income will increase every bit much as $ 5 trillion in the following 10 old ages. Higher universe incomes mean more demand for our trade goods # 8221 ; ( Kleckner 1 ) . With an addition in national income, the criterion of life in the United States and other take parting economic systems should increa se. More occupations will be created for the unemployed, assisting the economic system reach the full employment degree. At this degree, all resources would be in usage. Similar to other free trade understandings, the intent of those formed through the EFTA is to beef up European every bit good as international economic systems. In set uping a strong foundation for free trade, it seems that the EFTA has done much good for economic systems within Europe. Harmonizing to the EFTA web page, # 8220 ; Ministers emphasize EFTA # 8217 ; s strong certificates as a free trade organisation and underscore that free trade and economic integrating play an progressively of import function in procuring work, public assistance, peace, and democracy in Europe # 8221 ; ( EFTA Page ) . Its seeable effects on international trade provide merely a nominal indicant of the many achievements of the EFTA ; its work can besides be observed in footings of its implicit in affect on the economic system. In set uping strong international relationships, it has expanded the degree of exporting and importing, increased employment, raised ingestion, and in consequence, besides enhan ced the mean GDP for states active in the EFTA ( Fortune ) . Each portion of this integrating serves a good intent, and positive facets of the EFTA # 8217 ; s work are apparent in economic systems throughout Europe. As the EFTA has worked to beef up relationships non merely within its member states, but all over Europe and the remainder of the universe, it has established many confederations, therefore making a solid base for foreign trade. The degree of exporting and importing, peculiarly among European states has shown a definite addition. The enlargement of foreign trade creates possible for more employment chances ; it can besides be straight related to its aggregative supply, and in consequence, its degree of GDP. The addition in exporting, being a important outgo included in the computation of GDP, is shown in its consequence on GDP growing. Within the free trade of the EFTA, the degree of employment in member states besides has been affected. As the grade of economic activity additions due to free trade confederations, many countries, including that of employment besides begin to alter way. The enlargement of exporting mentioned before dramas a function in the variable degree of employment. Increased employment will add to the degree of human capital as lifting imports and exports expand capital resources, therefore lending to an outward displacement in the aggregative supply curve. Any addition in resource handiness for land, labour, capital, or entrepreneurship will let for an outward displacement in the production possibilities curve, followed by a similar displacement in the aggregative supply curve, finally increasing existent GDP. Rising employment can besides efficaciously make a rise in ingestion and in mean national income, finally adding to existent GDP. Consumption can be affected non merely by a rise in the employment degree, but besides by the decrease in duties provided by the EFTA. When consumers have to pay less for their goods, their degree of existent wealth has the consequence of increasing. Lower monetary values enable them to purchase more goods with the same degree of income ; there is the semblance of greater income. This feeling of increased wealth, along with a rise in the existent degree of employment, contributes to increased ingestion. The increasing grade of ingestion will, once more, lead to greater national income, and to a higher degree of existent GDP. A rise in trade combined with increasing degrees of employment and ingestion allows for possible growing in the degree of GDP. Harmonizing to Fortune magazine, the mean GDP of those states belonging to the EFTA rose an norm of 2.1 % each twelvemonth ( Fortune 7 ) . As trade, employment, and ingestion addition together, GDP has a inclination to make so every bit good. EFTA states nearing a degree of full employment due to alterations in trade, duties, and ingestion will finally see its good consequence on the economic system. Decision In general, it seems that each of the researched trade understandings has been successful in advancing overall economic growing throughout the parts of the universe. North american free trade agreement MERCOSUR The positive effects of GATT are legion and widespread. GATT has proved to be extremely successful in taking barriers to merchandise in goods. In eight back-to-back unit of ammunitions, GATT has lowered duties on manufactured merchandises from more than 40 % to below 4 % among developed states. # 8220 ; In portion as a consequence, universe ware trade, measured in the 10s of one million millions of dollars at the origin of GATT, now stands at $ 5 trillion # 8221 ; ( Break down the barriers ) . This growing has brought prosperity to developed states every bit good as developing states. Some of these benefits are consequence of the larger range of universe trade regulations and the big proportion of the economic system that is covered under GATT. The EFTA has been reasonably effectual in following through with its one implicit in end, the remotion of trade barriers within and outside of the EFTA. It has besides been adept in cultivating its relationships with 3rd universe states. Its success in these countries has allowed for the growing of its member states in countries of trade, employment, ingestion, and finally besides national income and existent GDP. It seems, nevertheless, that it needs to make more in order to hold a more influential presence. Since its initial initiation, the figure of member-countries in the EFTA has dwindled from seven to merely four. The EFTA is clearly non the most outstanding free trade organisation in Europe ; it is evident that the European Union holds the place of laterality, as many EFTA states have defected to the EU over the old ages. The EFTA # 8217 ; s minority power in Europe and the simple world of its size may do many states to brush it aside. While it has united with the European to Union to carry through many things such as the European Economic Area, it might be more effectual if it could manage more important affairs on its ain. Bibliography EFTA Page. EFTA Secretariat EFTA Surveillance Authority EFTA Court. 23 March 1999 *http: //www.efta.int/structure/main/index.html* . # 8220 ; How They Add Up. # 8221 ; Fortune 126.13 ( 14 Dec. 1992 ) : 152 # 8211 ; 153. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.americasnet.com/mauritz/mercosur/english ; MERCOSUR Sabkar, Maysoon ; hypertext transfer protocol: //bmb.net/our_views/Reports/Country/paraguay_1.htm, 1998 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.embassy.org/uruguay/econ/mercosur/merc-002.htm ; Embassy of Uruguay, Washington D.C. 1996 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.heinlein.com.ar/eco.htm ; Argentina Brief

Bacteria Microorganism essays

Bacteria Microorganism essays Bio 162 Bacteria Microrganism Assignment Morphology: N.gonorrohoeae is a gram negative cocci organism. The colonies are usually pinkish brown but after a 48-hour incubation period they turn clear brown. They span anywhere from .6 to 1.0 micrometers in diameter. They are usually seen in pairs as dipplococci with adjacent flattened sides. The organism is found with intercellular in neutrophils of the gonorrhea pustualar extrate.(Bergeys Manual) Frimbriae play a major role in adherence extends several micrometers from the cell surface. When attached the production of an endotoxin begins. The gram-negative shell is composed of proteins, phospholipids, and lipopolysaccarides. The bacterium releases outer membrane fragments during growth. This is a very fragile organism it is susceptible to temperature changes, drying and other changes. Cultures grow best at 35-36 degrees in an atmosphere of 3-10% added carbon dioxide.(N.gonorrahae strains are typed on the basis of their growth requirements). The cultures have to grow in selecti ve medium, these aerobic, non-motile organism releases the IgA protease helps protect them from antibodies. They do not produce spores and they will not live outside of the human hosts body. Etiology: The genus Neisseria contains a number of species, which are normal flora, and pathogens of humans and animals. Of these species, the species of human origin and particularly the pathogenic species, N. gonorrhoeae and N. Meningitidis have been studied extensively in an effort to control the infections they cause. Gonorrhea, caused by N. gonorrhoeae, is one of the most frequently reported infectious diseases in the United States and worldwide. Rapid tests have been developed to identify and distinguish N. gonorrhoeae, from the commensal Neisseria and related species, which are normal flora of the oro- and nasopharynx. Because many rapid tests for the identification of N. gonorrhoeae test for a li ...

"Escape"- by Nina Cassian

Escape- by Nina Cassian Essay Escape is a poem addressing the age-old, yet somehow more modern, issue of unhappy and detrimental yet addictive relationships. The form, showing the effects of this relationship and her awakening from it, along with the dark, sometimes even morbid, diction and imagery make the poem a very personal and touching one; subsequently it also helps the reader relate to his own experience, thus proving to be very effective. The diction and the literary devices generally set the mood in Escape; the poem begins with two rather shocking contradictions in which Cassian compares his love to a prison ( these two not being commonly associated in our society) and proclaims that His words and looks were like padlocks. To a certain extent, this immediately shows her addiction to him, at that time either conscious or subconscious, as, although she claims that he locked me in, she herself could not, or did not want to open these padlocks. Moreover, I think that they covey a feeling of claustrophobia for the reader, thus persuading him to immediately notice how harmful this relationship was for the poet. The description of how she lost her senses, becoming blind and mute, makes us understand her helplessness, her entrapment as without those vital senses there was little she could do to escape. Everything around her is distorted, as she is unable to tell a curtain from a river (therefore the indoors and the outdoors) apart. As the poem progresses, her senses become increasingly deformed and she creates a morbid, almost frightening image for the reader, by declaring that she could not see the difference between a bracelet and a muzzle, conveying the idea of death as a muzzle is associated with guns. Nonetheless, the poet seems to also be having a feeling of longing at the same time, as she mentions the call of the pomegranate seed or that kind invitation of frogs into the sunset which are reminiscent of the Romanian countryside, considering that those are her native lands. The concluding line of the stanza highlights the overall effect this transformation has had on her as she lost a lot of friends; the caesura underlines that this is the direct result of everything she has mentioned throughout the stanza. The repetition running throughout the first stanza emphasizes the extent of her desperation and change, as she repeats the idea that she could no longer tell apart things. Nonetheless, the repetition of dead in dead hair and dead nails probably show how she herself felt inside, like she was growing into a lifeless corpse while she was still actually young. This description also lies in line with the metaphor of this love being like a prison as I think we are encouraged to see her as a convict as well. The use of threatening, frightening verbs such as invaded or covered again reveal her helplessness and how lonely and scared she must have felt at one point. The form of the poem helps reveal how much effort it took for Cassian to escape, as after delivering her feelings during the relationship and its effects, she then suddenly wakes up from her haunting nightmare in the second stanza. I think that she wants to stress this feeling of a nightmare by describing what she felt when she touched herself as always tend to check ourselves when waking up from a nightmare to see if we are whole. Unfortunately, in her case her nightmare was a reality, so she notices how her cheeks had become hollow to the touch/my hands uneven and the shock of seeing herself this way persuades her to have the strength to free herself from all those horrible things. READ: Poetry Essay Compare with the speed of disgust. Moreover, the form takes another important role in the second verse as the short lines illustrate the speed of her actions to rid herself of the harmful effects of this relationship, from cut(ting) off the dead nails until break(ing) the lock/ and run(ning) out. I feel like the increasingly short lines convey a sense of urgency, as the quick pace makes it seem like she is really breaking out of a prison, thus making her metaphor highly effective. The imagery Cassian uses, whereby she compares this love to a prison, runs throughout the second stanza, the poem ending with this metaphor just as it began. After she finally gains strength and willpower to break the lock she realises that There was no guard. I think that this short sentence highlights the ambivalence of her feelings, as on one hand she must have been relieved to be able to free herself so easily, while on the other hand she may have felt some disappointment, as she was probably expecting him to care, to not simply let her go. The repetition of No one in the last 5 lines highlights her loneliness and desperation as nobody was there on either sides, her lover not caring enough to ask her to stay or to raise the alarm and her friends not greet(ing) her or supporting her once she got out of the relationship. The use of Not a soul again brings into question the idea of death which is expressed in the first stanza; she was probably hoping that a soul, or somebody, would revive her from being so lifeless and full of dead things but unfortunately this soul is absent. The idea that she ends the poem with only No one is an extremely poignant conclusion, highlighting the peak of her lonesomeness, towards which the second stanza was building. In my opinion, this creates a heartbreaking mood, making us feel even more sympathy for the poet.

Social media organizations PowerPoint Presentation

Social media organizations - PowerPoint Presentation Example It is my belief that because of this approach, Anne Rice has in fact made steps to become closer to her fans, and people on her page started realizing that there is more to her than a writer. Ms. Rice uses social media daily. If she is unable to post information about her latest media appearance, she posts her own opinion about issues that interest her. She also asks her fans questions about the characters in her books, hence increasing awareness about work. By interacting daily with her fans, she has gained new supporters. In Facebook alone, there are almost 1 million members of her page. Meanwhile, she has more than 70,000 followers in Twitter. Who knows how many more are part of her mailing list. We do know, however, that Ms. Rice receives numerous invitations for interview as she posts her interview schedules in her Facebook Page and Twitter account. This is because Ms. Rice also enabled visitors to her website to have immediate access to her secretary who sets up appointments for her. Based on these observations, I can say that Anne Rice can sustain her position as one of the most awarded writers today, thanks to her use of social media. She was already a household name in the past, but because of her active involvement in social media, more teenagers are becoming aware of her work and she is receiving support from almost all age

Technology of Information Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Technology of Information Security - Essay Example at the present are a mixture of these two solutions, where some data are stored on a centralized server and accessed by client computers, as well as some data is stored only on local computers which is never shared with other client computers (Microsoft, 2003; Shelly, Cashman, & Vermaat, 2005). In addition, all of the above discussed situations come with a variety of security problems to consider. In fact, for the majority of business organizations, at the very least some of this data must be kept secure. Moreover, in order to help present effective data security in the above discussed situations, there exist a wide variety of IT security technologies that can be used by the business organizations to keep their sensitive data and information secure during storage and network communication. Additionally, there is not a single IT security technology that has the capability to protect all data against all kinds of attack. However, there are many security technologies that can be combined to implement a wide-ranging security infrastructure that protects against a wide variety of security attacks (Microsoft, 2003; Shelly, Cashman, & Vermaat, 2005). I have presented below three information security technologies: It is an admitted fact that the majority of business organizations are exposing their personal networks to Internet traffic; as a result, the deployment of firewalls has become a basic need. Basically, â€Å"a firewall stops illegal communication inside and outside of the network, facilitating the company to implement a security strategy on traffic running between its network and the Internet† (Turban, Leidner, McLean, & Wetherbe, 2005; Laudon & Laudon, 1999). Additionally, firewalls can be either software or hardware. However, an effective firewall arrangement will be based on both (Beal, 2004). In this scenario, a firewall divides a network into different domains. A wide-ranging implementation of the firewall has the Internet as un-trusted domain; a semi

Sampling Probability Essay Example for Free

Sampling Probability Essay Probability And Non Probability Sampling Cultural Studies Essay A probability sampling method is any method of sampling that utilizes some form of random selection. In order to have a random selection method, you must set up some process or procedure that assures that the different units in your population have equal probabilities of being chosen. Humans have long practiced various forms of random selection, such as picking a name out of a hat, or choosing the short straw. These days, we tend to use computers as the mechanism for generating random numbers as the basis for random selection. Probability sampling methods are those in which every item in the universe has a known chance, or probability of being chosen for sample. This implies that the selection of the sample items is independent of the person making the study that is the sampling operation is controlled so objectively that the items will be chosen strictly at random. Types of probability sampling Simple Random Sampling: The simplest form of random sampling is called simple random sampling. Neither of these mechanical procedures is very feasible and, with the development of inexpensive computers there is a much easier way. Simple random sampling is simple to accomplish and is easy to explain to others. Because simple random sampling is a fair way to select a sample, it is reasonable to generalize the results from the sample back to the population. Simple random sampling is not the most statistically efficient method of sampling and you may, just because of the luck of the draw, not get good representation of subgroups in a population. To deal with these issues, we have to turn to other sampling methods. Systematic Sampling: Stratified Random Sampling, also sometimes called proportional or quota random sampling, involves dividing your population into homogeneous subgroups and then taking a simple random sample in each subgroup. There are several major reasons why you might pref er stratified sampling over simple random sampling. First, it assures that you will be able to represent not only the overall population, but also key subgroups of the population, especially small minority groups. If you want to be able to talk about subgroups, this may be the only way to effectively assure youll be able to. If the subgroup is extremely small, you can use different sampling fractions within the different strata to randomly over-sample the small group. When we  use the same sampling fraction within strata we are conducting proportionate stratified random sampling. When we use different sampling fractions in the strata, we call this disproportionate stratified random sampling. Second, stratified random sampling will generally have more statistical precision than simple random sampling. This will only be true if the strata or groups are homogeneous. If they are, we expect that the variability within-groups are lower than the variability for the population as a whole. Stratified sampling capitalizes on that fact. Strati fied Sampling: For this to work it is essential that the units in the population are randomly ordered, at least with respect to the characteristics you are measuring. For one thing, it is fairly easy to do. You only have to select a single random number to start things off. It may also be more precise than simple random sampling. Finally, in some situations there is simply no easier way to do random sampling. For instance, I once had to do a study that involved sampling from all the books in a library. Once selected, I would have to go to the shelf, locate the book, and record when it last circulated. I knew that I had a fairly good sampling frame in the form of the shelf list (which is a card catalogue where the entries are arranged in the order they occur on the shelf). To do a simple random sample, I could have estimated the total number of books and generated random numbers to draw the sample. Cluster Sampling: The problem with random sampling methods when we have to sample a population thats disbursed across a wide geographic region is that you will have to cover a lot of ground geographically in order to get to each of the units you sampled. Imagine taking a simple random sample of all the residents of New York State in order to conduct personal interviews. By the luck of the draw you will wind up with respondents who come from all over the state. Your interviewers are going to have a lot of travelling to do. It is for precisely this problem that cluster or area random sampling was invented. In cluster sampling, we follow these steps: divide population into clusters (usually along geographic boundaries), randomly sample clusters, and measure all units within sampled clusters. Multi Stage Sampling: The four methods weve covered so far simple, stratified, and systematic and cluster are the simplest random sampling strategies. In most real applied social research, we would use sampling methods that are considerably more complex than these simple variations. The most important principle here is  that we can combine the simple methods described earlier in a variety of useful ways that help us address our sampling needs in the most efficient and effective manner possible. When we combine sampling methods, we call this multi-stage sampling. Non probability Sampling Non probability sampling methods are those, which do not provide every item in the universe with a known chance of being included in the sample. The selection process is to some extent The difference between non probability and probability sampling is that non probability sampling does not involve random selection and probability sampling does. Does that mean that non probability samples arent representative of the population? Not necessarily. But it does mean that non probability samples cannot depend upon the rationale of probability theory. At least with a probabilistic sample, we know the odds or probability that we have represented the population well. We are able to estimate confidence intervals for the statistic. With non probability samples, we may or may not represent the population well, and it will often be hard for us to know how well weve done so. In general, researchers prefer probabilistic or random sampling methods over non probabilistic ones, and consider them to be more accurate and rigorous. However, in applied social research there may be circumstances where it is not feasible, practical or theoretically sensible to do random sampling. Here, we consider a wide range of non probabilistic alternatives. We can divide non probability sampling methods into two broad types: accidental or purposive. Most sampling methods are purposive in nature because we usually approach the sampling problem with a specific plan in mind. The most important distinctions among these types of sampling methods are the ones between the different types of purposive sampling approaches. Types of non probability sampling Accidental, Haphazard or Convenience Sampling: One of the most common methods of sampling goes under the various titles listed here. I would include in this category the traditional man on the street (of course, now its probably the person on the street) interviews conducted frequently by television news programs to get a quick (although non representative) reading of public opinion. I would also argue that the typical use of  college students in much psychological research is primarily a matter of convenience. In clinical practice, we might use clients who are available to us as our sample. In many research contexts, we sample simply by asking for volunteers. Clearly, the problem with all of these types of samples is that we have no evidence that they are representative of the populations were interested in generalizing to and in many cases we would clearly suspect that they are not. Purposive Sampling: In purposive sampling, we sample with a purpose in mind. We usually would have one or more specific predefined groups we are seeking. They size up the people passing by and anyone who looks to be in that category they stop to ask if they will participate. One of the first things theyre likely to do is verify that the respondent does in fact meet the criteria for being in the sample. Purposive sampling can be very useful for situations where you need to reach a targeted sample quickly and where sampling for proportionality is not the primary concern. With a purposive sample, you are likely to get the opinions of your target population, but you are also likely to overweight subgroups in your population that are more readily accessible. For each type of sampling give the advantages and disadvantages. Advantages and Disadvantages of Probability sampling Simple Random Sampling: Advantages: It is easy to implement It requires a listing of population element. Since selection of its items in the sample depends on change there is no possibility of personal bias affecting the result. As compared to judgment sampling a random sample represents the universe in a better way. As the size of the sample increases, it becomes increasingly representative of the population. The analyst can easily assess the accuracy of the estimates because sampling errors follows the principle of chance. The theory of random sampling is further developed than that of any type of sampling, which enables the researcher to provide the most reliable information at least cost. Disadvantages The use of simple random sampling necessitates a completely catalogued  universe from which to draw the sample. That is it uses large sample size. The size of the sample requires ensuring the statistical reliability is usually under random sampling rather than stratified. From the point of view of field survey it has been claimed that the cases selected by random sampling tend to be too widely dispersed geographically and that the time and the cost of collecting data becomes very large. It produces large errors. Random sampling may produce the most non random looking results. Systematic Sampling Advantages It is simple to design and convenient to adopt. It is easier to use than simple random sampling It is easy to determine sampling distribution Less expensive than random sampling. The time and work involved in sampling by this method are relatively less. The result obtained are found to be generally satisfactory provided care is taken to see that there are no periodic features associated with the sampling intervals. If the population are sufficiently large, systematic sampling can often be expected to yield results similar to those obtained by proportional stratified sampling. Disadvantages Using intervals may squeeze the sample and the result. If the population list has a monotonic trend a bias estimate will result from the starting point. The main issue is that it becomes fewer representatives if the analyst is dealing with populations having hidden periodic that is not all the elements are known. Stratified Sampling Advantages The researcher control the sample size in each group Increase efficiency It is more representative as population is first divided into various strata and then sample is drawn from each stratum. Thus there is little chance that any essential group of the population is being completely excluded. There is greater accuracy as each stratum will consist of uniform or homogenous items. Disadvantages Provide data to represent and analyse sub groups. Increase error in reason if sub group are selected at different rate. It is expensive because it is widely distributed geographically and the sample costs per observation are high. If the sample is not homogeneous the result may not be reliable. It requires assistance of skilled sampling supervisors. Cluster Sampling Advantages It provides a unilateral estimate of population. It is more efficient It is easy to do without population unit. It enables each sub division of the population to be used at various stages and permits the fieldwork to be more concentrated. It is valuable in surveys of underdeveloped areas. Can be cheaper than other methods e.g. fewer travel expenses, administration costs Disadvantages It is more error prone. Higher sampling error, which can be expressed in the so-called design effect, the ratio between the number of subjects in the cluster study and the number of subjects in an equally reliable, randomly sampled unclustered study. Multi Stage Sampling Advantages The main purpose of the creation and present-day use of multi-stage sampling is ti avoid the problems of randomly sampling from a population that is larger than the researchers resources can handle. Multi-stage sampling gives researchers with limited funds and time a method to sample from such populations. This sampling procedure in essence is a way to reduce the population by cutting it up into smaller groups, which then can be the subject of random sampling. As long as the groups have low between-group variance, this form of sampling is a legitimate way to simplify the population. The multi-stage form of sampling is flexible in many senses. First, it allows researchers to employ random sampling or cluster sampling after the determination of groups. Second, researchers can employ  multi-stage sampling indefinitely to break down groups and subgroups into smaller groups until the researcher reaches the desired type or size of groups. Last, there are no restrictions on how researcher s divide the population into groups/ This allows a large number of possibilities for methods of convenience, the maximization or minimization of variance or interpretability. Disadvantages The flexibility of multi-stage sampling is a double-edged sword. Because of the lack of restrictions on the decision processes involved in choosing groups, multi-stage sampling has a level of subjectivity. Thus, there will always be questions as to whether the chosen groups were optimal. Researchers must find a way to justify their choices when presenting the studys findings. Due to the fact that multi-stage sampling cuts out portions of the population from the study, the studys findings can never be 100% representative of the population. Even though the theory of multi-stage sampling is to focus on the within-group variance and de-emphasize the between-group variance (which should be minimized), there is no way to know if the demographics cut from the study could have provided any useful information to the researchers. (http://www.ehow.com/info_8544049_advantages-disadvantages-multistage-sampling.html#ixzz27Sqmq8C8) Advantages and Disadvantages of Non probability sampling (Non Rando m Sampling) Convenience Sampling Advantages Convenience samples are cheap. Convenience samples can be used to intervene to satisfy dissatisfied customers. A key, often forgotten aspect of probability sampling is its dependence on external selection: inviting and then repeatedly reminding people to take a survey, which helps ensure representativeness. Putting a survey postcard with every bill presented at a restaurant is a convenience sample, since there is no follow-up and encouragement to take the survey: no true external selection. And in such cases dissatisfied customers are often more likely to complete such surveys – the survey does provide an opportunity to hear from such customers and ask them for contact information in order to take action to improve their satisfaction. Convenience samples  can provide rich qualitative information. When illustrative quotes are important, surveys to convenience samples can be a great source of rich verbatim comments on specific topics. The survey can also provide detailed demographic profiles to shed further light on the comments. Convenience samples may provide accurate correlations. Some argue that correlation research is accurate enough with convenience samples, since the study is not of proportions of the target audience but of the relationship between variables. Disadvantages Convenience samples do not produce representative results. If you need to extrapolate to the target population, convenience samples aren’t going to get you there. The natural tendency is to extrapolate from convenience samples. The tendency when using convenience samples is to treat the results as representative, even though they are not. Many people do not understand the theoretical underpinnings of probability sampling and treat any survey results as accurate representations of the target audience. While mainstream media outlets often will not publicize the results of surveys that used convenience samples, small media organizations often will, without describing the methodology as a convenience sample. The results of convenience samples are hard to replicate. If you analyze the results of a convenience survey by list source, you will often find dramatic differences in the answers from the different lists, often in ways that confound easy explanation Quota Sampling Quota sampling is particularly useful when you are unable to obtain a probability sample, but you are still trying to create a sample that is as representative as possible of the population being studied. In this respect, it is the non-probability based equivalent of the stratified random sample. Unlike probability sampling techniques, especially stratified random sampling, quota sampling is much quicker and easier to carry out because it does not require a sampling frame and the strict use of random sampling techniques (i.e. probability sampling techniques). This makes quota sampling popular in undergraduate and master’s level dissertations where there is a need to divide the population being studied into strata (groups). The quota sample improves the representation of particular strata (groups) within the  population, as well as ensuring that these strata are not over-represented. For example, it would ensure that we have sufficient male students taking part in the research (60% of our sample size of 100; hence, 60 male students). It would also make sure we did not have more than 60 male students, which would result in an over-representation of male students in our research. The use of a quota sample, which leads to the stratification of a sample (e.g. male and female students), allows us to more easily compare these groups (strata). Disadvantages of quota sampling In quota sampling, the sample has not been chosen using random selection, which makes it impossible to determine the possible sampling error. Indeed, it is possible that the selection of units to be included in the sample will be based on ease of access and cost considerations, resulting in sampling bias. It also means that it is not possible to make generalisations (i.e. statistical inferences) from the sample to the population. This can lead to problems of external validity. Also, with quota sampling it must be possible to clearly divide the population into strata; that is, each unit from the population must only belong to one stratum. In our example, this would be fairly simple, since our strata are male and female students. Clearly, a student could only be classified as either male or female. No student could fit into both categories (ignoring transgender issues). Furthermore, imagine extending the sampling requirements such that we were also interested in how career goals changed depending on whether a student was an undergraduate or postgraduate. Since the strata must be mutually exclusive, this means that we would need to sample four strata from the population: undergraduate males, undergraduate females, postgraduate males, and postgraduate females. This will increase overall sample size required for the research, which can increase costs and time to carry out the research Purposive or Judgemental Sampling The advantages of Judgment sampling are: Lower cost of sampling Lesser time involved in the process A select number of people who are known to be related to the topic are part of the study which means that there are lesser chances of having people who  will distort the data Good method for pretesting instruments like questionnaires. Some disadvantages are: It can be subject to experimenter’s bias and stereotypes that may distort the results. The group selected may not represent all the population It might not be possible to accurately identify the sample using this method in case the population is very large.

Medicinal Marijuana Should Be Legal :: Legalization of Marijuana

Any randomly chosen group of people asked to list the most dangerous of these, would include among their immediate answers: â€Å"The Drug Problem†. By the â€Å"Drug Problem†, do they mean the proliferation in our communities of all illicit, mood-altering, physically dangerous drugs? Or do they really mean the accompanying problems bought on by these proscribed substances: crime and the threat of crime, violence, disease, the growing number of users on public welfare, the loss of productivity to the country’s industry, the congestion of the court system, the over-crowding of our penal institutions, the diversion of our tax dollars from more productive areas, the corruption of our law enforcement agencies, and directly and indirectly the erosion of our civil rights? Since I am confining this paper to discussing the laws prohibiting marijuana use, I will concede that it fits the first two categories above; i.e. it is by law, illicit, and by its nature, mood-altering. With the third category we enter upon shaky ground. There is no scientific proof that the prolonged use of marijuana exacts a greater physical toll on the user than the equivalent abuse of nicotine or alcohol. Under the name Extract of Cannabis, marijuana was once widely used medicinally in the United States, and still has minor medicinal uses in other countries. There is only one species - Cannabis Sativa - which yields both a potent drug and a strong fiber long used in the manufacture of fine linen as well as canvas and rope. The seeds are valued as birdseed and the oil, which resembles linseed oil, is valuable because paints made with it dry quickly. A Chinese treatise on pharmacology alleges to date from 2737 B.C. contains what is usually cited as the first reference to marijuana. Through out the history of man in just about every culture the mention of this substance is found used both as a fiber and a drug. The first definite mention of the marijuana plant in the New World, dates from 1545 A.D. when the Spaniards introduced it into Chile. The Jamestown settlers brought the plant to Virginia and cultivated it for its fiber. In 1762 â€Å"Virginia awarded bounties for hemp culture and imposed penalties on those who did not produce it.† George Washington was growing hemp at Mount Vernon three years later – presumably for its fiber, though it has been argued that Washington was also concerned in increasing the medicinal or intoxicating potency of his marijuana plants.