Nafta Essay Research Paper IntroductionSummaryIn January 1994 free essay sample

Nafta Essay, Research Paper Introduction Drumhead In January 1994, the United States, Mexico, and Canada implemented the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) . The end of NAFTA is to make better trading conditions through duty decrease, remotion of investing barriers, and betterment of rational belongings protection. NAFTA continues to bit by bit cut down duties on set day of the months and aims to extinguish all duties by the twelvemonth 2004. Before NAFTA was established, puting in Mexico was a hard procedure. Investors needed the Mexican Government # 8217 ; s blessing and were besides required to run into specific investing guidelines. These demands necessitated investors to export a fit degree of goods and services, utilize domestic goods and services, and reassign engineering to rivals. Under NAFTA, investors no longer necessitate authorities blessing to put and are treated as domestic investors. NAFTA has besides increased rational belongings rights and allowed companies to obtain patents in Mexico and Canada. We will write a custom essay sample on Nafta Essay Research Paper IntroductionSummaryIn January 1994 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the past, companies were hesitating to export research and development intensive goods ; with increased rational belongings protection, nevertheless, exports of these goods has shown a definite addition. As a consequence of better trading conditions, exports and imports of most other goods have increased along with the research and development intensive goods. In Mexico, the riddance of investing barriers has allowed investing to spread out. Increased trading and investing has so created many occupations, raised the Gross Domestic Product, and lowered consumer monetary values. The macroeconomic rules defined in Economics 103 relate to NAFTA # 8217 ; s impact on aggregative supply and demand, employment, investing, and their effects on national income. The free trade established by MERCOSUR besides involves states within South America. MERCOSUR, the Southern Common Market ( Mercado Common del Sur ) was established in 1991 after a series of other free trade pacts failed to run into the criterions of the states involved. It is set up on the footing of free trade zones and finally to take to a common market. Before MERCOSUR there was ALALC, the Latin American Free Trade Association. It was formed in 1960 and set up free trade zones through the periodic dialogues between the members of the association. ALALC ended in the 1970 # 8217 ; s due to these dialogues because they were left to the discretion of the states involved and unjust patterns started to happen. After ALAC, came ALADI, the Latin American Integration Association. Founded in 1980, it established economic penchant zones alternatively of free trade. This bucked up economic growing and increased actions and understandings between states that antecedently had no connexions. I n 1986 Argentina and Brazil signed a Treaty for Integration, Cooperation, and Development which was originally set up to take duty barriers and bind together the macroeconomic policies of the two states. This Treaty is what led to MERCOSUR. MERCOSUR is a procedure of integrating to organize a common market on the foundations of unfastened regionalism. In March of 1991 Paraguay and Uruguay joined MERCOSUR and most late Chile became a portion of the market in 1996. The ends set by the understanding are to make free theodolite of production goods and lifting of non-tariff limitations on theodolite goods. It was set up to follow a common trade policy with states that are non a portion of the market and to put up a fixed common external duty for all to follow. There are rather a few other ends that was set by MERCOSUR including a clause that states that the states involved will be able to set their Torahs for the intent of beef uping the understanding. The chief point of MERCOSUR is to p ut up free trade among South American states and to promote new states to fall in ( americasnet.com ) . Another related trade understanding conveying the benefits of international trade is the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs ( GATT ) . A trade understanding that conveys the positive results of international trade is the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs ( GATT ) . It was created in 1947 and like NAFTA promotes international trade through the decrease of duties. Today, GATT encompasses over one 100 states and 90 % of the universe # 8217 ; s trade goods ( Sabir 1 ) . There have been eight different versions of GATT, each ensuing in a new trade understanding. The most recent is referred to as the Uruguay Round and is one of the largest and most comprehensive trade treaties in history ( Deng 1 ) . The Uruguay Round Agreement cuts duties by one-third, increases coverage for fabrics, vesture and agribusiness and creates a new World Trade Organization ( Congressional Digest 258 ) . The WTO settles difference colonies, regulates the policies agreed upon and reexamine states # 821 7 ; trade patterns and policies. In add-on, the Uruguay unit of ammunition proposes decreases in nontariff protective barriers to merchandise ( Gottheil 350 ) . The Uruguay Round and WTO make up an of import portion of GATT. GATT as a whole is based on rules that guarantee all take parting states receive benefits. These rules include nondiscrimination, protection of domestic industries and proviso of stable footing for trade ( Congressional Digest 258 ) . With such a solid foundation, the policies of GATT have taken force. Much like NAFTA, GATT proposes to increase trade through the decrease of duties. However, GATT is more inclusive of the international economic system. As NAFTA, MERCOSUR, and GATT set up free trade throughout the Americas and other parts of the universe, the European Free Trade Agreement ( EFTA ) represents states throughout Western Europe. It was ab initio formed in 1960 by Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK. The overall aim of the EFTA and of these establishing provinces was to take trade barriers throughout Western Europe, such as import duties and quotas, and to continue unfastened patterns in universe trade ( EFTA Page ) . The model of the EFTA has changed significantly since its initial initiation as many member provinces have come and gone along the manner. In 1972, the bing EFTA states signed free trade understandings with the European Union, therefore extinguishing import duties on industrial merchandises. Since so the EFTA has worked to beef up its relationship with the European Community. The current components of the of all time altering EFTA include Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and S witzerland ( EFTA Page ) . The free trade understandings established by the EFTA screen intra-EFTA trade, trade with the European Union, and free trade outside of the EFTA or EU. The EFTA is presently in the thick of securing free trade understandings with states in Central and Eastern Europe and even with other states around the universe ( EFTA Page ) . These free trade understandings serve to advance incorporate motion within the EFTA # 8217 ; s economic relationships and to beef up Europe # 8217 ; s international trade confederations. Harmonizing to EFTA web page, free trade established by the EFTA is an, # 8220 ; indispensable procedure in the uninterrupted edifice of economic, societal, and political ties between the states of Europe and therefore heightening our common aim of closer European integrating # 8221 ; ( EFTA Page ) . Agreements with the EFTA cut down duties between states, enhance and let for more stable foreign investing, and back up the remotion of trade barriers. In set uping all of the se rights, the EFTA hopes to make an environment that is supportive of entrepreneurship, competition, and economic activity within its assorted market constructions ( EFTA Page ) . Analysis Free Trade understandings are prevailing throughout the universe, each stand foring trade within a peculiar part. The success of free trade is alone to each single trade organisation. NAFTA, MERCOSUR, GATT, and the EFTA, overall, have created founded many positive facets in international trade. The free trade that NAFTA has established among the United States, Mexico, and Canada has greatly benefited the U.S. economic system. During the old ages from 1994 to 1997, U.S. trade with Mexico and Canada rose 44 per centum. This extended growing is accredited chiefly to the decrease of duties. As duties were lowered, U.S. goods became cheaper and more competitory in Mexican and Canadian markets, and at this lower monetary value degree the measure demanded of U.S. goods increased. On the affiliated graph, as the monetary value degree beads from A to B, the measure demanded additions from C to D ; it becomes less expensive for U.S. houses to provide goods to Canada and Mexico as the supply cu rve displacements from Equally to AS # 8217 ; . In order to run into the new demand, the houses must engage new workers and increase investing. Between 1994 and 1997, 90 to 160 1000 occupations were created in the U.S. due to the addition of trade with Mexico, and 2.4 million occupations were dependent upon trade with Mexico and Canada. The addition in employment and investing so leads to increased national income. The work of NAFTA has besides served to profit Mexico # 8217 ; s economic system ; in conformity with the United States # 8217 ; economic system, Mexico # 8217 ; s exports have increased, more than duplicating since 1993. The riddance of investing barriers has caused a dramatic rise in foreign investing from four billion in 1993 to ten billion dollars in 1998. NAFTA has enabled Volkswagen, IBM, and the fabric industry to seek labour and stuffs in Mexico. In 1994, a Canada-based enterpriser invested four million dollars in a metal-stamping works. The works is now a major stuff suppler for Volkswagen although it was originally intended to use merely 130 people. The works presently employs 1,300 workers and generates 57 million dollars in gross revenues each twelvemonth. NAFTA has besides allowed IBM to make workss in Guadalajara that would otherwise hold been built in Asia. As a consequence, the exports of IBM de Mexico have increased from 350 million to 2 billion dollars in five ol d ages and the increased exports have created over 270 occupations. Mexico # 8217 ; s fabric industry, excessively, has grown as a consequence of NAFTA, in 1996 catching China to go the largest provider of fabrics to the United States. U.S. mills invest 100s of 1000000s of dollars to construct workss in Mexico as an consequence of the decreased duties and transportation clip. It takes merely 18 hours to transport goods to the Mexican boundary line, while it takes 21 hours to China. Increased investing and exports have created occupations and increased GDP. In 1998, Mexico # 8217 ; s economic system grew 4.5 per centum and economic experts predict that it will turn an extra 2.5 per centum in # 8216 ; 99. Free trade under NAFTA has besides encouraged international specialisation, the production of merely the goods that a peculiar economic system can bring forth most expeditiously. If the U.S. for illustration, is expeditiously fabricating autos and Mexico, bring forthing maize, so the U.S. should bring forth lone autos and Mexico, merely maize. They are more efficient if they each produce at their highest end product, and trade for other goods. International specialisation additions efficiency, take downing consumer monetary values ; consumers no longer hold to pay for inefficiently produced goods. The benefits of NAFTA are hence, increased employment, raised national income, and lower consumer monetary values. MERCOSUR, once more like NAFTA, has had an overall positive influence on free trade throughout the Americas. The economic end of MERCOSUR is to be able to organize the macroeconomic and sectional policies of the states involved in relation to foreign trade and several other common markets. It besides ensures free trade competition among the states with in the understanding. It was formed to better the economic systems by doing them more competitory and efficient ( Embassy of Uruguay ) . The clip line end of MERCOSUR was to get down with Argentina and Brazil in 1995 to cut down duties some and in 1996 to cut down duties by 25 per centum and increase each twelvemonth by another 25 per centum until in 1999 duties were 100 per centum gone. Because Paraguay and Uruguay joined the Treaty subsequently the day of the months for T he riddance of their duties are pushed back a whole twelvemonth so that by the twelvemonth 2000 they will hold 100 per centum eliminated duties. The ruin of this riddance of duties is that some concerns will hold to cut back and restructure so some people will free their occupations, but in the long run the economic system will turn stronger from it. However, the societal security system for the states will be transformed such that a worker can work in any of the member states and accumulate old ages until retirement and still have a pension ( americasnet.com ) . Each of the states is utilizing MERCOSUR in a different manner to increase their productiveness. In Brazil through denationalization they use MERCOSUR to pull outside investors for industries and services to better roads and railroads and other big industries like power. Argentina is besides utilizing denationalization to increase chances with their airdromes. Paraguay and Uruguay are taking more advantage of the integrating procedure. In Paraguay they are utilizing it to increase and better waterways and in Uruguay the are utilizing it to construct a span and distribute gas and electricity ( americasnet.com ) . All of the states have increased their GDP since the initiation of MERCOSUR and have become more economically independent. Argentina has gone from a recession in 1988 through an unbelievable recovery through to 1996. They have increased their exports by 13,000 signifier 1993 to 1997 and exports have increased by 15,000 in the same period of clip ( Argentina Brief ) . Other MERCOSUR states have experienced the same consequences and are continually turning. The one exclusion to the benefits of MERCSUR would be the economic system of Paraguay. Before they joined the market, they were the best performing state in the part, but now they have fallen behind all the other members in MERCOSUR as a consequence of the political instability and little domestic market ( Sabkar, Maysoon ) . The effectivity of GATT is that it applies to a bulk of the economic system. In the market of major industrial goods, duties have been eliminated and reduced in the developing markets of: building equipment, agricultural equipment, medical equipment, steel, beer, distilled liquors, pharmaceuticals, paper, playthings and furniture ( Congressional Digest ) . These are some of the most of import industries in the United States and are some of the most competitory in the universe. As stated by the US study on GATT, a cardinal proviso was that it # 8220 ; significantly lowered entree to markets that represent about 85 % of universe trade in footings of decreased duties on specific points of cardinal involvement to US exporters # 8221 ; . There have been tariff decreases runing from 50 to 100 % on of import electronics package ( US study on GATT 2 ) . The most of import sector to be included is agribusiness. For the first clip, all agricultural duties are bound and reduced. GATT strength ens long term regulations for agricultural trade, reduces agricultural export subsidies and opens new markets. Intellectual belongings such as patents, hallmarks and right of first publications for films, computing machine plans, books and music is besides protected. Many of the industries listed above trade with engineering and are important to mundane life. By advancing the decrease of duties in the sectors of the economic system of import to the United States, industries will be able to spread out and turn. The manner that industries will be able to turn is through the decrease of duties. While barriers to merchandise come in many signifiers, the duty has been used to protect domestic industries from foreign competition. The negative facet of duties is that they cut down the sum of goods produced for export. Graph 1 exhibits the effects of a duty on measure supplied by United States. Let # 8217 ; s say the duty is on imported Gallic vino. At normal equilibrium, measure demanded of vino peers measure supplied at one hundred billion and a monetary value of $ 2. That is the United States would provide 1 billion bottles of vino. However, a duty creates a state of affairs similar to a monetary value ceiling. The duty causes the monetary value to diminish to $ 1 and the measure supplied lessenings to.5 billion while measure demanded additions to 1.5 billion. The consequence of the duty is to diminish the measure supplied by the United States. To manufacturers in the United States that means a lessening in the production of goods and services. The contrary happens when the duty is reduced. Quantity supplied will increase, that is more goods will be produced for trade. This addition in exports has other deductions on the economic system. Since exports will be increasing at a higher rate than imports the net exports will be positive. Aggregate outgo peers disbursement by consumers, investors, authorities and net exports. An addition in the net exports will increase the aggregative outgo switching it to the right. This is seen in graph 2, where the aggregative outgo curve ( AE ) shifts to the right ( AE # 8217 ; ) . As shown by the graph, the degree of national income additions from 250 billion to 300 billion. Therefore, increasing net exports will increase the degree of national income. # 8220 ; By extinguishing import revenue enhancements, universe income will increase every bit much as $ 5 trillion in the following 10 old ages. Higher universe incomes mean more demand for our trade goods # 8221 ; ( Kleckner 1 ) . With an addition in national income, the criterion of life in the United States and other take parting economic systems should increa se. More occupations will be created for the unemployed, assisting the economic system reach the full employment degree. At this degree, all resources would be in usage. Similar to other free trade understandings, the intent of those formed through the EFTA is to beef up European every bit good as international economic systems. In set uping a strong foundation for free trade, it seems that the EFTA has done much good for economic systems within Europe. Harmonizing to the EFTA web page, # 8220 ; Ministers emphasize EFTA # 8217 ; s strong certificates as a free trade organisation and underscore that free trade and economic integrating play an progressively of import function in procuring work, public assistance, peace, and democracy in Europe # 8221 ; ( EFTA Page ) . Its seeable effects on international trade provide merely a nominal indicant of the many achievements of the EFTA ; its work can besides be observed in footings of its implicit in affect on the economic system. In set uping strong international relationships, it has expanded the degree of exporting and importing, increased employment, raised ingestion, and in consequence, besides enhan ced the mean GDP for states active in the EFTA ( Fortune ) . Each portion of this integrating serves a good intent, and positive facets of the EFTA # 8217 ; s work are apparent in economic systems throughout Europe. As the EFTA has worked to beef up relationships non merely within its member states, but all over Europe and the remainder of the universe, it has established many confederations, therefore making a solid base for foreign trade. The degree of exporting and importing, peculiarly among European states has shown a definite addition. The enlargement of foreign trade creates possible for more employment chances ; it can besides be straight related to its aggregative supply, and in consequence, its degree of GDP. The addition in exporting, being a important outgo included in the computation of GDP, is shown in its consequence on GDP growing. Within the free trade of the EFTA, the degree of employment in member states besides has been affected. As the grade of economic activity additions due to free trade confederations, many countries, including that of employment besides begin to alter way. The enlargement of exporting mentioned before dramas a function in the variable degree of employment. Increased employment will add to the degree of human capital as lifting imports and exports expand capital resources, therefore lending to an outward displacement in the aggregative supply curve. Any addition in resource handiness for land, labour, capital, or entrepreneurship will let for an outward displacement in the production possibilities curve, followed by a similar displacement in the aggregative supply curve, finally increasing existent GDP. Rising employment can besides efficaciously make a rise in ingestion and in mean national income, finally adding to existent GDP. Consumption can be affected non merely by a rise in the employment degree, but besides by the decrease in duties provided by the EFTA. When consumers have to pay less for their goods, their degree of existent wealth has the consequence of increasing. Lower monetary values enable them to purchase more goods with the same degree of income ; there is the semblance of greater income. This feeling of increased wealth, along with a rise in the existent degree of employment, contributes to increased ingestion. The increasing grade of ingestion will, once more, lead to greater national income, and to a higher degree of existent GDP. A rise in trade combined with increasing degrees of employment and ingestion allows for possible growing in the degree of GDP. Harmonizing to Fortune magazine, the mean GDP of those states belonging to the EFTA rose an norm of 2.1 % each twelvemonth ( Fortune 7 ) . As trade, employment, and ingestion addition together, GDP has a inclination to make so every bit good. EFTA states nearing a degree of full employment due to alterations in trade, duties, and ingestion will finally see its good consequence on the economic system. Decision In general, it seems that each of the researched trade understandings has been successful in advancing overall economic growing throughout the parts of the universe. North american free trade agreement MERCOSUR The positive effects of GATT are legion and widespread. GATT has proved to be extremely successful in taking barriers to merchandise in goods. In eight back-to-back unit of ammunitions, GATT has lowered duties on manufactured merchandises from more than 40 % to below 4 % among developed states. # 8220 ; In portion as a consequence, universe ware trade, measured in the 10s of one million millions of dollars at the origin of GATT, now stands at $ 5 trillion # 8221 ; ( Break down the barriers ) . This growing has brought prosperity to developed states every bit good as developing states. Some of these benefits are consequence of the larger range of universe trade regulations and the big proportion of the economic system that is covered under GATT. The EFTA has been reasonably effectual in following through with its one implicit in end, the remotion of trade barriers within and outside of the EFTA. It has besides been adept in cultivating its relationships with 3rd universe states. Its success in these countries has allowed for the growing of its member states in countries of trade, employment, ingestion, and finally besides national income and existent GDP. It seems, nevertheless, that it needs to make more in order to hold a more influential presence. Since its initial initiation, the figure of member-countries in the EFTA has dwindled from seven to merely four. The EFTA is clearly non the most outstanding free trade organisation in Europe ; it is evident that the European Union holds the place of laterality, as many EFTA states have defected to the EU over the old ages. The EFTA # 8217 ; s minority power in Europe and the simple world of its size may do many states to brush it aside. While it has united with the European to Union to carry through many things such as the European Economic Area, it might be more effectual if it could manage more important affairs on its ain. Bibliography EFTA Page. EFTA Secretariat EFTA Surveillance Authority EFTA Court. 23 March 1999 *http: //www.efta.int/structure/main/index.html* . # 8220 ; How They Add Up. # 8221 ; Fortune 126.13 ( 14 Dec. 1992 ) : 152 # 8211 ; 153. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.americasnet.com/mauritz/mercosur/english ; MERCOSUR Sabkar, Maysoon ; hypertext transfer protocol: //bmb.net/our_views/Reports/Country/paraguay_1.htm, 1998 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.embassy.org/uruguay/econ/mercosur/merc-002.htm ; Embassy of Uruguay, Washington D.C. 1996 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.heinlein.com.ar/eco.htm ; Argentina Brief

Bacteria Microorganism essays

Bacteria Microorganism essays Bio 162 Bacteria Microrganism Assignment Morphology: N.gonorrohoeae is a gram negative cocci organism. The colonies are usually pinkish brown but after a 48-hour incubation period they turn clear brown. They span anywhere from .6 to 1.0 micrometers in diameter. They are usually seen in pairs as dipplococci with adjacent flattened sides. The organism is found with intercellular in neutrophils of the gonorrhea pustualar extrate.(Bergeys Manual) Frimbriae play a major role in adherence extends several micrometers from the cell surface. When attached the production of an endotoxin begins. The gram-negative shell is composed of proteins, phospholipids, and lipopolysaccarides. The bacterium releases outer membrane fragments during growth. This is a very fragile organism it is susceptible to temperature changes, drying and other changes. Cultures grow best at 35-36 degrees in an atmosphere of 3-10% added carbon dioxide.(N.gonorrahae strains are typed on the basis of their growth requirements). The cultures have to grow in selecti ve medium, these aerobic, non-motile organism releases the IgA protease helps protect them from antibodies. They do not produce spores and they will not live outside of the human hosts body. Etiology: The genus Neisseria contains a number of species, which are normal flora, and pathogens of humans and animals. Of these species, the species of human origin and particularly the pathogenic species, N. gonorrhoeae and N. Meningitidis have been studied extensively in an effort to control the infections they cause. Gonorrhea, caused by N. gonorrhoeae, is one of the most frequently reported infectious diseases in the United States and worldwide. Rapid tests have been developed to identify and distinguish N. gonorrhoeae, from the commensal Neisseria and related species, which are normal flora of the oro- and nasopharynx. Because many rapid tests for the identification of N. gonorrhoeae test for a li ...

"Escape"- by Nina Cassian

Escape- by Nina Cassian Essay Escape is a poem addressing the age-old, yet somehow more modern, issue of unhappy and detrimental yet addictive relationships. The form, showing the effects of this relationship and her awakening from it, along with the dark, sometimes even morbid, diction and imagery make the poem a very personal and touching one; subsequently it also helps the reader relate to his own experience, thus proving to be very effective. The diction and the literary devices generally set the mood in Escape; the poem begins with two rather shocking contradictions in which Cassian compares his love to a prison ( these two not being commonly associated in our society) and proclaims that His words and looks were like padlocks. To a certain extent, this immediately shows her addiction to him, at that time either conscious or subconscious, as, although she claims that he locked me in, she herself could not, or did not want to open these padlocks. Moreover, I think that they covey a feeling of claustrophobia for the reader, thus persuading him to immediately notice how harmful this relationship was for the poet. The description of how she lost her senses, becoming blind and mute, makes us understand her helplessness, her entrapment as without those vital senses there was little she could do to escape. Everything around her is distorted, as she is unable to tell a curtain from a river (therefore the indoors and the outdoors) apart. As the poem progresses, her senses become increasingly deformed and she creates a morbid, almost frightening image for the reader, by declaring that she could not see the difference between a bracelet and a muzzle, conveying the idea of death as a muzzle is associated with guns. Nonetheless, the poet seems to also be having a feeling of longing at the same time, as she mentions the call of the pomegranate seed or that kind invitation of frogs into the sunset which are reminiscent of the Romanian countryside, considering that those are her native lands. The concluding line of the stanza highlights the overall effect this transformation has had on her as she lost a lot of friends; the caesura underlines that this is the direct result of everything she has mentioned throughout the stanza. The repetition running throughout the first stanza emphasizes the extent of her desperation and change, as she repeats the idea that she could no longer tell apart things. Nonetheless, the repetition of dead in dead hair and dead nails probably show how she herself felt inside, like she was growing into a lifeless corpse while she was still actually young. This description also lies in line with the metaphor of this love being like a prison as I think we are encouraged to see her as a convict as well. The use of threatening, frightening verbs such as invaded or covered again reveal her helplessness and how lonely and scared she must have felt at one point. The form of the poem helps reveal how much effort it took for Cassian to escape, as after delivering her feelings during the relationship and its effects, she then suddenly wakes up from her haunting nightmare in the second stanza. I think that she wants to stress this feeling of a nightmare by describing what she felt when she touched herself as always tend to check ourselves when waking up from a nightmare to see if we are whole. Unfortunately, in her case her nightmare was a reality, so she notices how her cheeks had become hollow to the touch/my hands uneven and the shock of seeing herself this way persuades her to have the strength to free herself from all those horrible things. READ: Poetry Essay Compare with the speed of disgust. Moreover, the form takes another important role in the second verse as the short lines illustrate the speed of her actions to rid herself of the harmful effects of this relationship, from cut(ting) off the dead nails until break(ing) the lock/ and run(ning) out. I feel like the increasingly short lines convey a sense of urgency, as the quick pace makes it seem like she is really breaking out of a prison, thus making her metaphor highly effective. The imagery Cassian uses, whereby she compares this love to a prison, runs throughout the second stanza, the poem ending with this metaphor just as it began. After she finally gains strength and willpower to break the lock she realises that There was no guard. I think that this short sentence highlights the ambivalence of her feelings, as on one hand she must have been relieved to be able to free herself so easily, while on the other hand she may have felt some disappointment, as she was probably expecting him to care, to not simply let her go. The repetition of No one in the last 5 lines highlights her loneliness and desperation as nobody was there on either sides, her lover not caring enough to ask her to stay or to raise the alarm and her friends not greet(ing) her or supporting her once she got out of the relationship. The use of Not a soul again brings into question the idea of death which is expressed in the first stanza; she was probably hoping that a soul, or somebody, would revive her from being so lifeless and full of dead things but unfortunately this soul is absent. The idea that she ends the poem with only No one is an extremely poignant conclusion, highlighting the peak of her lonesomeness, towards which the second stanza was building. In my opinion, this creates a heartbreaking mood, making us feel even more sympathy for the poet.

Social media organizations PowerPoint Presentation

Social media organizations - PowerPoint Presentation Example It is my belief that because of this approach, Anne Rice has in fact made steps to become closer to her fans, and people on her page started realizing that there is more to her than a writer. Ms. Rice uses social media daily. If she is unable to post information about her latest media appearance, she posts her own opinion about issues that interest her. She also asks her fans questions about the characters in her books, hence increasing awareness about work. By interacting daily with her fans, she has gained new supporters. In Facebook alone, there are almost 1 million members of her page. Meanwhile, she has more than 70,000 followers in Twitter. Who knows how many more are part of her mailing list. We do know, however, that Ms. Rice receives numerous invitations for interview as she posts her interview schedules in her Facebook Page and Twitter account. This is because Ms. Rice also enabled visitors to her website to have immediate access to her secretary who sets up appointments for her. Based on these observations, I can say that Anne Rice can sustain her position as one of the most awarded writers today, thanks to her use of social media. She was already a household name in the past, but because of her active involvement in social media, more teenagers are becoming aware of her work and she is receiving support from almost all age

Technology of Information Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Technology of Information Security - Essay Example at the present are a mixture of these two solutions, where some data are stored on a centralized server and accessed by client computers, as well as some data is stored only on local computers which is never shared with other client computers (Microsoft, 2003; Shelly, Cashman, & Vermaat, 2005). In addition, all of the above discussed situations come with a variety of security problems to consider. In fact, for the majority of business organizations, at the very least some of this data must be kept secure. Moreover, in order to help present effective data security in the above discussed situations, there exist a wide variety of IT security technologies that can be used by the business organizations to keep their sensitive data and information secure during storage and network communication. Additionally, there is not a single IT security technology that has the capability to protect all data against all kinds of attack. However, there are many security technologies that can be combined to implement a wide-ranging security infrastructure that protects against a wide variety of security attacks (Microsoft, 2003; Shelly, Cashman, & Vermaat, 2005). I have presented below three information security technologies: It is an admitted fact that the majority of business organizations are exposing their personal networks to Internet traffic; as a result, the deployment of firewalls has become a basic need. Basically, â€Å"a firewall stops illegal communication inside and outside of the network, facilitating the company to implement a security strategy on traffic running between its network and the Internet† (Turban, Leidner, McLean, & Wetherbe, 2005; Laudon & Laudon, 1999). Additionally, firewalls can be either software or hardware. However, an effective firewall arrangement will be based on both (Beal, 2004). In this scenario, a firewall divides a network into different domains. A wide-ranging implementation of the firewall has the Internet as un-trusted domain; a semi

Sampling Probability Essay Example for Free

Sampling Probability Essay Probability And Non Probability Sampling Cultural Studies Essay A probability sampling method is any method of sampling that utilizes some form of random selection. In order to have a random selection method, you must set up some process or procedure that assures that the different units in your population have equal probabilities of being chosen. Humans have long practiced various forms of random selection, such as picking a name out of a hat, or choosing the short straw. These days, we tend to use computers as the mechanism for generating random numbers as the basis for random selection. Probability sampling methods are those in which every item in the universe has a known chance, or probability of being chosen for sample. This implies that the selection of the sample items is independent of the person making the study that is the sampling operation is controlled so objectively that the items will be chosen strictly at random. Types of probability sampling Simple Random Sampling: The simplest form of random sampling is called simple random sampling. Neither of these mechanical procedures is very feasible and, with the development of inexpensive computers there is a much easier way. Simple random sampling is simple to accomplish and is easy to explain to others. Because simple random sampling is a fair way to select a sample, it is reasonable to generalize the results from the sample back to the population. Simple random sampling is not the most statistically efficient method of sampling and you may, just because of the luck of the draw, not get good representation of subgroups in a population. To deal with these issues, we have to turn to other sampling methods. Systematic Sampling: Stratified Random Sampling, also sometimes called proportional or quota random sampling, involves dividing your population into homogeneous subgroups and then taking a simple random sample in each subgroup. There are several major reasons why you might pref er stratified sampling over simple random sampling. First, it assures that you will be able to represent not only the overall population, but also key subgroups of the population, especially small minority groups. If you want to be able to talk about subgroups, this may be the only way to effectively assure youll be able to. If the subgroup is extremely small, you can use different sampling fractions within the different strata to randomly over-sample the small group. When we  use the same sampling fraction within strata we are conducting proportionate stratified random sampling. When we use different sampling fractions in the strata, we call this disproportionate stratified random sampling. Second, stratified random sampling will generally have more statistical precision than simple random sampling. This will only be true if the strata or groups are homogeneous. If they are, we expect that the variability within-groups are lower than the variability for the population as a whole. Stratified sampling capitalizes on that fact. Strati fied Sampling: For this to work it is essential that the units in the population are randomly ordered, at least with respect to the characteristics you are measuring. For one thing, it is fairly easy to do. You only have to select a single random number to start things off. It may also be more precise than simple random sampling. Finally, in some situations there is simply no easier way to do random sampling. For instance, I once had to do a study that involved sampling from all the books in a library. Once selected, I would have to go to the shelf, locate the book, and record when it last circulated. I knew that I had a fairly good sampling frame in the form of the shelf list (which is a card catalogue where the entries are arranged in the order they occur on the shelf). To do a simple random sample, I could have estimated the total number of books and generated random numbers to draw the sample. Cluster Sampling: The problem with random sampling methods when we have to sample a population thats disbursed across a wide geographic region is that you will have to cover a lot of ground geographically in order to get to each of the units you sampled. Imagine taking a simple random sample of all the residents of New York State in order to conduct personal interviews. By the luck of the draw you will wind up with respondents who come from all over the state. Your interviewers are going to have a lot of travelling to do. It is for precisely this problem that cluster or area random sampling was invented. In cluster sampling, we follow these steps: divide population into clusters (usually along geographic boundaries), randomly sample clusters, and measure all units within sampled clusters. Multi Stage Sampling: The four methods weve covered so far simple, stratified, and systematic and cluster are the simplest random sampling strategies. In most real applied social research, we would use sampling methods that are considerably more complex than these simple variations. The most important principle here is  that we can combine the simple methods described earlier in a variety of useful ways that help us address our sampling needs in the most efficient and effective manner possible. When we combine sampling methods, we call this multi-stage sampling. Non probability Sampling Non probability sampling methods are those, which do not provide every item in the universe with a known chance of being included in the sample. The selection process is to some extent The difference between non probability and probability sampling is that non probability sampling does not involve random selection and probability sampling does. Does that mean that non probability samples arent representative of the population? Not necessarily. But it does mean that non probability samples cannot depend upon the rationale of probability theory. At least with a probabilistic sample, we know the odds or probability that we have represented the population well. We are able to estimate confidence intervals for the statistic. With non probability samples, we may or may not represent the population well, and it will often be hard for us to know how well weve done so. In general, researchers prefer probabilistic or random sampling methods over non probabilistic ones, and consider them to be more accurate and rigorous. However, in applied social research there may be circumstances where it is not feasible, practical or theoretically sensible to do random sampling. Here, we consider a wide range of non probabilistic alternatives. We can divide non probability sampling methods into two broad types: accidental or purposive. Most sampling methods are purposive in nature because we usually approach the sampling problem with a specific plan in mind. The most important distinctions among these types of sampling methods are the ones between the different types of purposive sampling approaches. Types of non probability sampling Accidental, Haphazard or Convenience Sampling: One of the most common methods of sampling goes under the various titles listed here. I would include in this category the traditional man on the street (of course, now its probably the person on the street) interviews conducted frequently by television news programs to get a quick (although non representative) reading of public opinion. I would also argue that the typical use of  college students in much psychological research is primarily a matter of convenience. In clinical practice, we might use clients who are available to us as our sample. In many research contexts, we sample simply by asking for volunteers. Clearly, the problem with all of these types of samples is that we have no evidence that they are representative of the populations were interested in generalizing to and in many cases we would clearly suspect that they are not. Purposive Sampling: In purposive sampling, we sample with a purpose in mind. We usually would have one or more specific predefined groups we are seeking. They size up the people passing by and anyone who looks to be in that category they stop to ask if they will participate. One of the first things theyre likely to do is verify that the respondent does in fact meet the criteria for being in the sample. Purposive sampling can be very useful for situations where you need to reach a targeted sample quickly and where sampling for proportionality is not the primary concern. With a purposive sample, you are likely to get the opinions of your target population, but you are also likely to overweight subgroups in your population that are more readily accessible. For each type of sampling give the advantages and disadvantages. Advantages and Disadvantages of Probability sampling Simple Random Sampling: Advantages: It is easy to implement It requires a listing of population element. Since selection of its items in the sample depends on change there is no possibility of personal bias affecting the result. As compared to judgment sampling a random sample represents the universe in a better way. As the size of the sample increases, it becomes increasingly representative of the population. The analyst can easily assess the accuracy of the estimates because sampling errors follows the principle of chance. The theory of random sampling is further developed than that of any type of sampling, which enables the researcher to provide the most reliable information at least cost. Disadvantages The use of simple random sampling necessitates a completely catalogued  universe from which to draw the sample. That is it uses large sample size. The size of the sample requires ensuring the statistical reliability is usually under random sampling rather than stratified. From the point of view of field survey it has been claimed that the cases selected by random sampling tend to be too widely dispersed geographically and that the time and the cost of collecting data becomes very large. It produces large errors. Random sampling may produce the most non random looking results. Systematic Sampling Advantages It is simple to design and convenient to adopt. It is easier to use than simple random sampling It is easy to determine sampling distribution Less expensive than random sampling. The time and work involved in sampling by this method are relatively less. The result obtained are found to be generally satisfactory provided care is taken to see that there are no periodic features associated with the sampling intervals. If the population are sufficiently large, systematic sampling can often be expected to yield results similar to those obtained by proportional stratified sampling. Disadvantages Using intervals may squeeze the sample and the result. If the population list has a monotonic trend a bias estimate will result from the starting point. The main issue is that it becomes fewer representatives if the analyst is dealing with populations having hidden periodic that is not all the elements are known. Stratified Sampling Advantages The researcher control the sample size in each group Increase efficiency It is more representative as population is first divided into various strata and then sample is drawn from each stratum. Thus there is little chance that any essential group of the population is being completely excluded. There is greater accuracy as each stratum will consist of uniform or homogenous items. Disadvantages Provide data to represent and analyse sub groups. Increase error in reason if sub group are selected at different rate. It is expensive because it is widely distributed geographically and the sample costs per observation are high. If the sample is not homogeneous the result may not be reliable. It requires assistance of skilled sampling supervisors. Cluster Sampling Advantages It provides a unilateral estimate of population. It is more efficient It is easy to do without population unit. It enables each sub division of the population to be used at various stages and permits the fieldwork to be more concentrated. It is valuable in surveys of underdeveloped areas. Can be cheaper than other methods e.g. fewer travel expenses, administration costs Disadvantages It is more error prone. Higher sampling error, which can be expressed in the so-called design effect, the ratio between the number of subjects in the cluster study and the number of subjects in an equally reliable, randomly sampled unclustered study. Multi Stage Sampling Advantages The main purpose of the creation and present-day use of multi-stage sampling is ti avoid the problems of randomly sampling from a population that is larger than the researchers resources can handle. Multi-stage sampling gives researchers with limited funds and time a method to sample from such populations. This sampling procedure in essence is a way to reduce the population by cutting it up into smaller groups, which then can be the subject of random sampling. As long as the groups have low between-group variance, this form of sampling is a legitimate way to simplify the population. The multi-stage form of sampling is flexible in many senses. First, it allows researchers to employ random sampling or cluster sampling after the determination of groups. Second, researchers can employ  multi-stage sampling indefinitely to break down groups and subgroups into smaller groups until the researcher reaches the desired type or size of groups. Last, there are no restrictions on how researcher s divide the population into groups/ This allows a large number of possibilities for methods of convenience, the maximization or minimization of variance or interpretability. Disadvantages The flexibility of multi-stage sampling is a double-edged sword. Because of the lack of restrictions on the decision processes involved in choosing groups, multi-stage sampling has a level of subjectivity. Thus, there will always be questions as to whether the chosen groups were optimal. Researchers must find a way to justify their choices when presenting the studys findings. Due to the fact that multi-stage sampling cuts out portions of the population from the study, the studys findings can never be 100% representative of the population. Even though the theory of multi-stage sampling is to focus on the within-group variance and de-emphasize the between-group variance (which should be minimized), there is no way to know if the demographics cut from the study could have provided any useful information to the researchers. (http://www.ehow.com/info_8544049_advantages-disadvantages-multistage-sampling.html#ixzz27Sqmq8C8) Advantages and Disadvantages of Non probability sampling (Non Rando m Sampling) Convenience Sampling Advantages Convenience samples are cheap. Convenience samples can be used to intervene to satisfy dissatisfied customers. A key, often forgotten aspect of probability sampling is its dependence on external selection: inviting and then repeatedly reminding people to take a survey, which helps ensure representativeness. Putting a survey postcard with every bill presented at a restaurant is a convenience sample, since there is no follow-up and encouragement to take the survey: no true external selection. And in such cases dissatisfied customers are often more likely to complete such surveys – the survey does provide an opportunity to hear from such customers and ask them for contact information in order to take action to improve their satisfaction. Convenience samples  can provide rich qualitative information. When illustrative quotes are important, surveys to convenience samples can be a great source of rich verbatim comments on specific topics. The survey can also provide detailed demographic profiles to shed further light on the comments. Convenience samples may provide accurate correlations. Some argue that correlation research is accurate enough with convenience samples, since the study is not of proportions of the target audience but of the relationship between variables. Disadvantages Convenience samples do not produce representative results. If you need to extrapolate to the target population, convenience samples aren’t going to get you there. The natural tendency is to extrapolate from convenience samples. The tendency when using convenience samples is to treat the results as representative, even though they are not. Many people do not understand the theoretical underpinnings of probability sampling and treat any survey results as accurate representations of the target audience. While mainstream media outlets often will not publicize the results of surveys that used convenience samples, small media organizations often will, without describing the methodology as a convenience sample. The results of convenience samples are hard to replicate. If you analyze the results of a convenience survey by list source, you will often find dramatic differences in the answers from the different lists, often in ways that confound easy explanation Quota Sampling Quota sampling is particularly useful when you are unable to obtain a probability sample, but you are still trying to create a sample that is as representative as possible of the population being studied. In this respect, it is the non-probability based equivalent of the stratified random sample. Unlike probability sampling techniques, especially stratified random sampling, quota sampling is much quicker and easier to carry out because it does not require a sampling frame and the strict use of random sampling techniques (i.e. probability sampling techniques). This makes quota sampling popular in undergraduate and master’s level dissertations where there is a need to divide the population being studied into strata (groups). The quota sample improves the representation of particular strata (groups) within the  population, as well as ensuring that these strata are not over-represented. For example, it would ensure that we have sufficient male students taking part in the research (60% of our sample size of 100; hence, 60 male students). It would also make sure we did not have more than 60 male students, which would result in an over-representation of male students in our research. The use of a quota sample, which leads to the stratification of a sample (e.g. male and female students), allows us to more easily compare these groups (strata). Disadvantages of quota sampling In quota sampling, the sample has not been chosen using random selection, which makes it impossible to determine the possible sampling error. Indeed, it is possible that the selection of units to be included in the sample will be based on ease of access and cost considerations, resulting in sampling bias. It also means that it is not possible to make generalisations (i.e. statistical inferences) from the sample to the population. This can lead to problems of external validity. Also, with quota sampling it must be possible to clearly divide the population into strata; that is, each unit from the population must only belong to one stratum. In our example, this would be fairly simple, since our strata are male and female students. Clearly, a student could only be classified as either male or female. No student could fit into both categories (ignoring transgender issues). Furthermore, imagine extending the sampling requirements such that we were also interested in how career goals changed depending on whether a student was an undergraduate or postgraduate. Since the strata must be mutually exclusive, this means that we would need to sample four strata from the population: undergraduate males, undergraduate females, postgraduate males, and postgraduate females. This will increase overall sample size required for the research, which can increase costs and time to carry out the research Purposive or Judgemental Sampling The advantages of Judgment sampling are: Lower cost of sampling Lesser time involved in the process A select number of people who are known to be related to the topic are part of the study which means that there are lesser chances of having people who  will distort the data Good method for pretesting instruments like questionnaires. Some disadvantages are: It can be subject to experimenter’s bias and stereotypes that may distort the results. The group selected may not represent all the population It might not be possible to accurately identify the sample using this method in case the population is very large.

Medicinal Marijuana Should Be Legal :: Legalization of Marijuana

Any randomly chosen group of people asked to list the most dangerous of these, would include among their immediate answers: â€Å"The Drug Problem†. By the â€Å"Drug Problem†, do they mean the proliferation in our communities of all illicit, mood-altering, physically dangerous drugs? Or do they really mean the accompanying problems bought on by these proscribed substances: crime and the threat of crime, violence, disease, the growing number of users on public welfare, the loss of productivity to the country’s industry, the congestion of the court system, the over-crowding of our penal institutions, the diversion of our tax dollars from more productive areas, the corruption of our law enforcement agencies, and directly and indirectly the erosion of our civil rights? Since I am confining this paper to discussing the laws prohibiting marijuana use, I will concede that it fits the first two categories above; i.e. it is by law, illicit, and by its nature, mood-altering. With the third category we enter upon shaky ground. There is no scientific proof that the prolonged use of marijuana exacts a greater physical toll on the user than the equivalent abuse of nicotine or alcohol. Under the name Extract of Cannabis, marijuana was once widely used medicinally in the United States, and still has minor medicinal uses in other countries. There is only one species - Cannabis Sativa - which yields both a potent drug and a strong fiber long used in the manufacture of fine linen as well as canvas and rope. The seeds are valued as birdseed and the oil, which resembles linseed oil, is valuable because paints made with it dry quickly. A Chinese treatise on pharmacology alleges to date from 2737 B.C. contains what is usually cited as the first reference to marijuana. Through out the history of man in just about every culture the mention of this substance is found used both as a fiber and a drug. The first definite mention of the marijuana plant in the New World, dates from 1545 A.D. when the Spaniards introduced it into Chile. The Jamestown settlers brought the plant to Virginia and cultivated it for its fiber. In 1762 â€Å"Virginia awarded bounties for hemp culture and imposed penalties on those who did not produce it.† George Washington was growing hemp at Mount Vernon three years later – presumably for its fiber, though it has been argued that Washington was also concerned in increasing the medicinal or intoxicating potency of his marijuana plants.

Benefits of School Uniforms

There are many sides to the debate about school uniforms, but the debate against mandatory school uniforms comes more from the libertarians and groups from the old school guard. The problem with the old school group and civil libertarians reflect an age when school violence and bullying were not as prevalent in the school system as they are today. School age children are consistently being accosted and bullied for designer clothing and gang violence is at an all-time high in many school districts, but, the addition of a mandatory school policy can decrease national and state figures relative to school violence.It is time for children and young adults to be able to attend school and learn without fear of intimidation. By implementing a policy of mandatory school uniforms, less time is spent on social awkwardness where many students who simply cannot afford to wear the latest fashion design and can stop worrying about the gangs around the school who look at what colors of what a studen t wears to initiate bullying practices.First, there is a need to actually define why school administrators and educators are looking to enforcing mandatory school uniforms and the reason why President Clinton, in 1996, during his State of the Union address endorsed uniforms in American schools. In order to do accomplish this, it is important to look at what issues school administrators and educators feel are the impeders of learning and scholarly advancement. Oftentimes students who are continually focused on fashion and attaining the latest â€Å"look† tend to spend far less time in a positive learning situation.â€Å"Distraction leads to poor learning environments† (PSParents) Many advocates of a mandatory school uniform policy point to the increasing instances of violence within the school system and much of that is tied into the student’s appearance itself. There are instances where children are â€Å"inflicting bodily harm on one another because of the nam e brand on a jacket or a pair of jeans; and, in larger cities where gang involvement is prevalent, children are killed because they chose the wrong color to wear to school.The issue is not about civil liberties or freedom of expression but about improving the deteriorating state of the educational environment within our public school system nationwide† (PSParents). Many experts are of the opinion that students that attend schools wearing uniforms actually have higher academic scores. It is also believed that school uniforms can look to improving student attendance and focus intently on studies without worrying about whether they can or their parents can purchase for them the same â€Å"new† style of clothing.The old phrase of â€Å"keeping up with the Jones’† can attest to what many young students where they simply want what their friends are wearing. Many school administrators are of the opinion that students who wear school uniforms behave in a far more appropriate manner within the school atmosphere as uniforms lend to engaging students in appropriate behavior by reducing violence within the system.The most plausible reason for this is that with standardized dress there is less places to hide weapons in where in the fashion standard of students, especially in high school, weapons can be hidden in pockets in waist bands of pants that have shirts laid overtop and in baseball caps. It is this author’s opinion that with less opportunity to hide weapons in clothing and headgear of what student’s are currently wearing can hide weapons that are carried into the school and, if there are no metal detectors present, leaves an undeniable avenue for violent propensities.What has been considered one of the more conscionable reasons for the policy to implemented within the school system is the social preying that occur with many indigent students. Many students come from impoverished family units and if they are unable to afford t he latest trends and this is one of the ways that students look to in an attempt at self-expression and definition. This is a huge factor in a child’s psychological development and if there is a removal of this one barrier that students continually come up against, there is a marked improvement in both academic and social situations.This is really tied into the social outcome factor as when there is only one type of dress needed for school, i. e. uniform, there is a higher instance of affordability amongst families that are simply unable to afford expensive, trendy clothing. The government has also taken an independent and unbiased approach to addressing this issue and it is compelling their overall interpretation of the current school system and it’s tie-in to student safety.The government believes that the â€Å"adoption of school uniform policies can promote school safety, improve discipline, and enhance the learning environment. The potential benefits of school un iforms include: †¢ decreasing violence and theft — even life-threatening situations — among students over designer clothing or expensive sneakers; †¢ helping prevent gang members from wearing gang colors and insignia at school; †¢ instilling students with discipline; †¢ helping parents and students resist peer pressure;†¢ helping students concentrate on their school work; and †¢ helping school officials recognize intruders who come to the school (Government) There are currently many communities that have decided to adopt school uniform policies, which include: California, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Louisiana, Maryland, New York, Tennessee, Utah and Virginia; and, many large school systems include: Baltimore, Cincinnati, Dayton, Detroit, Los Angeles, Long Beach, Miami, Milwaukee, Nashville, New Orleans, Phoenix, Seattle and St.Louis have school in either a voluntary or mandatory uniform policy in effect. There are many school boards in larg e and small cities that have adopted school uniform policies which include: Long Beach, California Uniforms are mandatory in all elementary and middle schools. Each school in the district determines the uniform its students will wear. There is an opt-out of the program with parental consent. Currently the size of the program, implemented in 1994, includes 58,500 elementary and middle school students.Support for disadvantaged students: Each school must develop an assistance plan for families that cannot afford to buy uniforms. In most cases, graduating students either donate or sell used uniforms to needy families. Results: District officials found that in the year following implementation of the school uniform policy, overall school crime decreased 36 percent, fights decreased 51 percent, sex offenses decreased 74 percent, weapons offenses decreased 50 percent, assault and battery offenses decreased 34 percent, and vandalism decreased 18 percent.Less than one percent of the students have elected to opt out of the uniform policy. Dick Van Der Laan of the Long Beach Unified School District explained, â€Å"We can't attribute the improvement exclusively to school uniforms, but we think it's more than coincidental. † According to Long Beach Police Chief William Ellis, â€Å"Schools have fewer reasons to call the police. There's less conflict among students. Students concentrate more on education, not on whose wearing $100 shoes or gang attire. † Richmond, VirginiaThis voluntary uniform policy at Maymont Elementary School for the Arts and Humanities was implemented in 1994 with approximately 262 elementary school students enrolled. Support for disadvantaged students: Responding to parent concerns about the cost of uniforms, the school sought community financial support for the uniform program. Largely as a result of financial donations from businesses and other community leaders, the percentage of students wearing uniforms rose from 30 percent in 1994 -95, the first year of the program, to 85 percent during the current year.Results: Maymont principal Sylvia Richardson identifies many benefits of the uniform program, including improved behavior, an increase in attendance rates and higher student achievement. In the examples shown above, both mandatory and voluntary uniform policies have proven there is a correlation between violent behavior and school uniform policies and there are many variations of the mandatory school uniform policy which can be initiated between the school, the parent and the student. Carl A.Cohn writes that within the Long Beach school system, upon instituting a mandatory school uniform policy over two years prior, â€Å"much of the public school educational establishment reacted skeptically. The school board was told by permissive parents, civil liberties interest groups, timid legislators, and a biased news media that they would not let it happen. The school board initiated this program over 1 ? years ago with a 99 percent compliance rate in the program and a substantial decrease in school crime† (Cohn). ConclusionEither being in favor or not in favor of mandatory school uniforms is a moot point as it is generally those who simply don’t like to have their children conform to a mandatory policy or not, and, not for concrete and convincing reasons that wearing a school uniform decreases their children’s aptitude for learning, decreases their social status, or, even decreases their child’s freedom of expression. Albeit some students, especially those in the higher grade levels often rebel by girls pulling their skirts up above the regulated skirt length, this, is in no way a reflection on safety in school.One piece of evidence that is hard to refute is that studies have found â€Å"that due to increased prevalence of school violence, one in five public school students feels less eager to go to school every day, one in seven feels less inclined to pay attentio n to learning in school, and one in 10 stays home from school or cuts class. In unsafe school environments, teachers cannot teach to their maximum potential, and students cannot learn to their full capability† (Everett and Price).Paliokas and Rist note that â€Å"for many individuals, the appeal of mandatory school uniforms is based on conventional wisdom and an intuitive belief that increased structure results in improved child behavior. Nevertheless, there is not much empirical data to support a cause-and-effect relationship between school uniforms and violence†. Simply put, there are other variables which may, in fact, be a direct or indirect contributor to declines in levels of violence with or without school uniform policies.Paliokas and Rist â€Å"posed several questions that must first be answered before declines in school violence can be specifically attributed to the implementation of school uniform programs: a) was the implementation of the uniform policy onl y one aspect of a comprehensive safety plan that included heightened security and stricter rules? b) were local community-policing programs implemented at the same time? c) was the trend of violence in the school at its peak and ready to decline? d) was there an analysis of the trends of violence within that specific school or school district?e) were the decreases in school violence attributed to the Hawthorne Effect in which short-term attention to and visibility of a problem caused the decline? and, finally f) was parental involvement a crucial factor in the reduction of violence? † (Paliokis and Rist). A large problem with the debate over school uniform policies and putting the emphasis on if implementing said policy was, in fact, in direct relation to curbing school violence is that although many school districts were privy to reduction in violence related to students, could there in fact be mitigating factors relative to the reduction.There is a need to look to finding em pirical evidence in support of a mandatory uniform policy through the gathering of a variety of independent studies including: 1) Investigate parent, teacher, and student perceptions regarding school uniforms and violence prevention. 2) Trend analyses to determine whether any decline in violence represents true change or predictable change in trend within the school and/or school district. 3) Must be statistically control for possible intervening variables associated with violence reduction to determine cause-and-effect relationships between school uniforms and violence reduction.4) Compare the prevalence of violence in schools mandating uniforms with schools mandating dress codes. 5) Obtain data from both experimental groups (those required to wear uniforms) and control groups (those not required to wear uniforms). 6) Examination of how schools mandating uniforms address the issue of providing school uniforms to low-income families. 7) Focus on identifying the means to adequately e valuate the effect of mandatory uniform programs on the prevalence of school violence (Paliokas and Rist)Works Cited Paliokas KL, Rist RC. Do They Reduce Violence — Or Just Make Us Feel Better? Online. http://www. edweek. org/we/vol-15/28rist. h15. April 3, 1996. Cohn CA. Mandatory school uniforms: Long Beach's pioneering experience finds safety and economic benefits. School Admin. 1996; 53(2):22-25. King, K. A. Should school uniforms be mandated in elementary school? 1998. Online http://danenet. wicip. org/ncs/forumuniformseval. htm PSParents. net. Pros of Mandatory School Uniforms.Online at http://psparents. net/ in_support. htm United States Government. School Uniforms: Where They Are and Why They Work? Online http://www. ed. gov/updates/uniforms. html American Psychological Association. Violence and Youth: Psychology's Response, Volume 1: Summary Report of the American Psychological Association Commission on Violence and Youth. Washington, DC: American Psychological Assoc iation; 1993:42. Callahan CM, Rivara FP. Urban high school youth and handguns. JAMA. 1992;267:3038-3032.

‘Management At Work Essay

1. According to a major economics consulting firm, Fiat’s â€Å"South American operations are the jewel in the Italian company’s global operations.†* Fiat has plants in Brazil and Argentina, and Brazil is its biggest market, well ahead of its home-country market. In 2011, with the Chrysler venture taking up more and more of the firm’s attention—and as European sales suffered a steep decline rumors began to circulate that Marchionne might move Fiat headquarters from Italy to the United States. Discuss Fiat’s takeover of Chrysler as part of a strategy to transform itself from an international business into a multinational or global business. 2. What benefts does Fiat hope to gain from its arrange- ment with Chrysler? What potential drawbacks does it face? Judging from your analysis of benefts and draw- backs, explain why the Fiat–Chrysler arrangement might best characterized as a strategic alliance? In what sense is it best characterized as a direct investment? 3. What challenges in the U.S. cultural environment do you expect Fiat to face as it uses its Chrysler connec- tion to compete in the American car market? What management challenges will Marchionne face in the areas of planning and decision making, organizing, and leading? 1. Fiat has established it self as quality product. Bringing their reputation and business skill will attract American consumers. Having their attention and possibly blending the product they can conquer the America market for cars as well as Italy, Europe and other country markets. Being based in the US they can now claim Fiat as a US product and use all the tax cuts. Making it more affordable, now it has exotic looks without the exotic prices! If manufacturing is domestic with the Fiat cars as well as Chrysler I think it will be good for the US economy, providing more jobs on a middle class level. 2. The tax breaks as a US company for Fiat will be very beneficial as far as marketing/advertisement but a major draw back will be the high cost in labor as opposed to the labor cost in countries such as Mexico. Fiat will also have a situation of dealing with new labor laws. American labor laws are more stringent than other companies. This is also power tolerance country. Employees are not as submissive as those of other countries. Americans are considered lazy. Fiat bringing their CEO (Marchionne) to America to directly handle the merger will make the transition a lot soother for the company. When first appointed to Fiat CEO he laid off 10% of white collard employees and 20,000 labor employees, restructuring with fresh new talent, he will follow do the same plan with Chrysler. But bringing in his own people proven to be valuable. 3.This merger can be characterized as a direct investment because Fiat is take a chance a moving there location to the US. Fiat is dealing with this merger on a first hand basis. They are not operating business threw a third party. Americans are use to large cars. The idea of driving a smaller car, to a lot of Americans will socially awkward. They may need to find a social common ground with the American people make their car appear attractive as well as economical. As I said previously management American are considered lazy. Management may have difficulties with the competency of the American employees. They may have to find new way of encouragement to employees. Research: Fiat and Chrysler Fiat is now waiting for court verdict from the Delaware court before purchasing the remaining 41.5%. Fiat has a difference in value with VEBA ( U.S. healthcare trust) of the $2 billion. VEBA values the remaining 41.5% at $4 billion. Fiat wants to purchase the remaining 41.5%, merger the 2 companies then list them on the New York Stock Exchange by 2014. That will make them the 7th largest car manufactures in the world. Verdict is expected to continue until the end of July, 90 days from the last hearing on April 25. Until then Chrysler is at a stand still while Fiat must continue to sell car to buy the remainder of Chrysler. Source: Fiat awaits court verdict ahead of Chrysler merger http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/30/us-fiat-chrysler-elkann-idUSBRE94T0GA20130530

Protecting Children Online †Criminal Justice Essay

Protecting Children Online – Criminal Justice Essay Free Online Research Papers Protecting Children Online Criminal Justice Essay It is a must to keep children monitored while accessing the internet. If they are not then it can lead to devastation to their character and in some cases worse. The government and law enforcers need to crack down on child predators on the internet and limit certain information that can be gained. A simple change in some laws and hard work to change these problems can make a big difference later on. With law enforcement agencies and the monitors of the internet can help change these problems. The children’s parents need to play a big role in this as well. If the parents monitor their children while using the internet, it can help them a lot at a younger age understanding right and wrong. The adolescents of today are the first generation to be raised in a wired world where computers are a common entity in classrooms and homes. In addition to the tremendous benefits that technology has afforded, including access to information and educational resources, the increased immersion of students into a digital age has also contributed to the evolution of new participants in and witnesses to the emergence of social problems in the cyber world (Berson, Berson, Ferron, 2002). The internet is accessible and popular among youth, and evidence is suggesting that people often make online choices that are contrary to their offline behaviors (Miller, 1999). This phenomenon has broadened the opportunity to engage in violent and abusive behaviors and has dramatically increased the access of potential offenders to a more expansive pool of victims (Federal Bureau of Investigation; fbi.gov). These are perfect examples of why parents are the major factor in how their children behave online. These parents need to monitor who their children are talking to and this could prevent any major catastrophes of cyber violence. The government needs to take a stand on the cyber violence and it can help eliminate the child predators. They take a strong viewpoint but there is plenty they could do with the laws to help protect children using the internet. The government really needs to sit down and discuss these issues before it becomes a major problem in the future. A good start would be to crack down on the people who monitor internet activity and make sure that they have plenty of information about how to spot a child predator. The internet needs to be monitored by law enforcement personnel in order to keep children safe. The people that stalk children on the internet need to be punished to the fullest extent of the law. If these predators are not found and charged with the crime the situation will never improve (Benson, 1996). One way this jurisdictional problem could be solved in the United States would be to prosecute under the federal law that prohibits obscenity or harassment using interstate telecommunications devices. One of the problems with this statute is that it does nothing to help the victim being harassed by an international stalker, especially if that person cannot be identified (Benson, 1996). This is an interesting way to look at the cyber communities and private conversations. With these kinds of things going on it makes children vulnerable to child predators online. This is still why parents play the most important role of their children in cyber space. Get involved with what they are doing while they are surfing the web. In order to prevent them from being violated it is a must to stay involved in their computer interactions with friends and strangers. If you have ever went to a search site and entered your name you would be surprised what you would find. There is so much information available to people on the internet that it is scary. That’s why you have people taking advantage of the information provided to them and using it for illegal purposes. There is no real way that you know who you are talking to on the internet by what the person tells you. The internet has become an important form of communication in modern society, with a forecast of 500 million online globally by the year 2003. Its increased use and accessibility have led to a burgeoning of cyber communities, where people of like minds and common interests transcend geographical barriers and communicate with one another on a range of subjects, some trivial, some controversial, and some intensely private (Frankel Siang, 1999). The vast amount of social and behavioral information potentially available on the internet has made it a prime target for researchers wishing to study the dynamics of human interactions and their consequences in this virtual medium. Researchers can potentially collect data from widely dispersed populations at relatively low cost and in less time than similar efforts in the physical world (Frankel Siang, 1999). This just shows that there are predators that watch the way people interact in an online environment. When these predators watch the way children interact it gives them an idea of how to also act toward them. This is one of the ways that children are violated by child predators. In this world we live in today the internet is an easy way for predators to manipulate younger children. It is an easy way to find out information about younger kids and keep in contact with them. There have been plenty of stories of predators acting the same age as a child or teenager to try and arrange meetings between them. This is why it is so important for parents to keep monitoring their children in the online environment. There is a conference put on called the Virtual Global Taskforce Conference. It aims at protecting children in an online environment. It is a conference with people from the government, law enforcement, and industry and child protection organizations from across the globe. The conferences aim is to develop simple, practical and deliverable actions to combat on-line child abuse. Outcomes included a raised awareness of the challenges and opportunities involved in tackling on-line abuse at political, law enforcement and industry level; identified methods for sharing good practice across all sectors; and the development of new national and international partnerships and strategies to reduce the sexual exploitation of children in the virtual environment and subsequently in the real world (www.morrowcommunications.co.uk/vgt/). This is obviously a big problem in the United States and the World at that. We have to be more careful when are children are using the information super highway and help them understand what can go on if they are not careful. This starts with the parents and ends with the government taking a stand on this topic. We can eliminate a lot of child pornography, identity theft, and sometimes life threatening situations. The internet needs to be modified drastically when it comes to protecting children from child predators, pornography sites, cyber violence, and the way children behave in the online community. If children are not monitored while using the internet it can lead to much bigger problems in the long run. With the internet being a major source of communication and information it is also a way to exploit children and passing on information that is not suitable for children. Letting children and parents know of safety precautions to take could help protect children while using the internet. References Frankel, M.S., Siang, S. (1999). Ethical and legal aspects of human subject research on the Internet. Paper presented at the American Association for the Advancement of Science workshop, Washington, DC. Retrieved April 11, 2006 from aaas.org/spp/dspp/sfrl/projects/intres/main.htm Federal Bureau of Investigation (2002). Federal bureau of investigation online. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved April 11, 2006 from fbi.gov/ Jenson, B. (1996). Cyberstalking: Crime, enforcement and personal responsibility of the on-line world. S.G.R. MacMillan. Retrieved on April 09, 2006 from sgrm.com/art-8.htm Berson, L., Berson, M., Ferron, J. (2005). Emergency Risks of Violence in the Digital Age: Lessons for educators from an online study of adolescent girls in the United States. North Carolina. Retrieved April 10, 2006 from ncsu.edu/meridian/sum2002/cyberviolence/ Protecting Children On-line (2005). Virtual Global Taskforce Conference. Retrieved May 15, 2006 from morrowcommunication.co.uk/vgt/ Research Papers on Protecting Children Online - Criminal Justice EssayEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UsePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaCapital PunishmentPETSTEL analysis of IndiaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoStandardized TestingThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

Research about managing the lablour costs of food production Speech or Presentation

Research about managing the lablour costs of food production - Speech or Presentation Example It is important to note that a restaurant operating on a labor cost which is as low as 20 percent has a promising future. If levels of labor cost begin to rise, the company should begin to seek on ways of lowering lest it cause a sham to the business. During my work experience at Royal restaurant, if the restaurant made a total daily sales of $10 000, then it had to spend no more than $2 000 paying for labor. Although employees’ salaries which match the volume of sales may help ease the labor costs, key issues such as improvement of productivity at workplace and wise roster plan of employees yield marvelous results. While working at Royal star restaurant, it was a common rule that if the number of customers visiting the restaurant was below 200 per day, the daily sales were over $8000.This also meant that the hotel spends less than $1500 on labor cost. Rostering allowed the hotel to know the working hours of part time workers while comparing it with the sales made during the t ime. If for instance the sales reduce, the number of part time workers was reduced to cut the cost of labor. Other issues that help control labor costs include, cross-training employees, performing frequent staff audits and reviews, employing adequate employees among other measures. Championing Labor Cost Awareness This is normally calculated from the volume of sales made. Labor costs percentage can be calculated as follows: A restaurant that hopes to run successfully must seek to operate at a minimum labor cost percentage that is below 20 percent. At Royal Hotel for instance the labor cost was normally 10 to 16 percent. Cross-Training staff Employee training is vital in any business venture. It is therefore important to cross train employees and the business with a view of equipping workers with vast skills necessary in restaurant service. This is important because the management can schedule fewer workers to various sectors of the restaurant while still being in a position to achi eve same results in the level of production as well as service delivery standards. Cross training can be done by training prep cooks to perform food grilling, training hostess on the work done by the servers and busses to serve food. At Royal hotel, the receptionists were often taken to seminars on public relations and customer satisfaction. Superannuation and Retirement Superannuation is a way of gathering for the retirement of your employees. This is done by making contributions to the super funds of each employee. In Australia for instance, an average of 9% of the employee’s salary is paid into the employee’s super fund. At Royal Star restaurant, the fund is awarded upon retirement or demise of any staff. Conducting Frequent Staff Audits and Reviews The cost of labor depends on a large extent to improvement and level of productivity. Therefore, it is important to perform regular audits. This can be done by assessing the performance of employees. The assessment shoul d focus on working days and hours of employees. If found that a substantial amount of time is lost through long breaks or down time, a review should be done to adjust the time accordingly. Care must be taken to aid in proper communication among the employees in helping communicating concerns and ideas. An audit was done after every three months at Royal Hotel. Control Labor Cost With

The Necessity of Coed Classes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Necessity of Coed Classes - Essay Example That assumption is not backed by research or study but only on the notion that the opposite sex is a distraction to study. The perceived advantage is even overshadowed by its numerous drawbacks. By making a class exclusive for boys or girls, the students become socially inadequate to relate to the other gender because of their lack of exposure and training on how to deal with the opposite sex. Students will become less confident and they could even become insensitive because their social vocabulary and competence about the opposite sex are inadequate. Social competence is also important because students will have to deal with other people including the opposite sex when they are already in the workplace when they become professionals someday. Education is not only limited to academics. It also includes how to deal with people appropriately. A good education will become useless if the person cannot work or deal with other people. Dealing with other people is particularly important if a person will become professional someday. A businessperson has to deal with clients, suppliers, employees, a doctor to his or her patient, an employee to his or her teammates and so on and so forth. It only meant that it is inevitable that we will be dealing with other people someday and it would be better if the students are trained early by integrating boys and girls in a class. Making a class exclusive to boys or girls makes a student socially inadequate. The structure of gender exclusivity does not inspire confidence among students because of the lack of exposure towards the other gender making their emotional and social vocabulary limited. This will result in a lower self-esteem among students which could be disastrous when they become professionals.